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Python Is Now the Most Popular Introductory Teaching Language at Top ­U.S. ­Universities

By Philip Guo
July 7, 2014
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Summary

At the time of writing (July 2014), Python is currently the most popular language for teaching introductory computer science courses at top-ranked U.S. departments.

Specifically, eight of the top 10 CS departments (80%), and 27 of the top 39 (69%), teach Python in introductory CS0 or CS1 courses.

Motivation

Python has been getting more popular as the first language to teach novices. Three years ago, Mark Guzdial blogged about the rise of Python as a teaching language and predictions for future teaching languages. Top-ranked CS departments at MIT and UC Berkeley recently switched their introductory courses to Python. The largest three MOOC providers (edX, Coursera, and Udacity) all offer introductory programming courses in Python. And professors in diverse subfields (e.g., Lorena Barba) are now advocating for teaching Python to novices.

On a personal note, the educational tool I've been developing for the past four years, Online Python Tutor (www.pythontutor.com), has seen its usage skyrocket due to the growing popularity of the language.

However, despite numerous anecdotes, I haven't seen any recent numbers quantifying how popular Python is for teaching programming. So I tried to find out by documenting how many of the top-ranked U.S. computer science departments use it to teach their introductory courses. Along the way, I also ended up cataloging occurrences of other popular teaching languages.

Why do this analysis? Because the choice of what language to teach first reflects the pedagogical philosophy of each department and influences many students' first impressions of computer science. The languages chosen by top U.S. departments could indicate broader trends in computer science education, since those are often trendsetters for the rest of the educational community.

Methodology

I considered the top 39 departments, as ranked by U.S. News in 2014. (This link may become outdated as U.S. News issues new rankings.) Why did I stop at 39? Because there was an 8-way tie for 40, so the differentiating signal is weak by that point. No ranking scheme is perfect, and rankings change over time. In particular, this ranking considers only American Ph.D.-granting universities. And my cut-off of 39 excludes many universities that I respect, including my own. We could debate endlessly about which schools to include, and how to rank them. But I had to choose some ranking scheme and cut-off, and this felt reasonable.

For each university, I looked for CS0 and CS1 courses in the CS, CSE, or EECS department, whichever is the home to computer science. I define a CS1 course as the first required course for CS majors, and a CS0 course as introductory programming (not just basic computer literacy) for either non-majors or those who need extra preparation before CS1. Neither CS0 nor CS1 should have any CS prerequisites, since otherwise they can't be the first CS class that students take. (Specifically, CS0 should not be a prerequisite for CS1.) I didn't count mini-courses, special accelerated CS1+ courses, higher-numbered electives, or programming courses offered by other departments. Note that there isn't a strict official definition for CS0 or CS1, so I had to exercise some personal judgment. I tried to abide as much as possible by each department's official course descriptions and prerequisite tables.

Although some instructors consider introductory programming to mean CS1, for this analysis I purposely grouped CS0 and CS1 together since those courses are where many students, regardless of major or eventual career, study their first programming language in college. Given the unfortunate state of K-12 computer science education in the U.S., these college courses are where many students, especially women and underrepresented minorities, likely see their first programming language. And even if students arrive with prior programming experience, their first officially-sanctioned exposure in college is still influential. I want to give CS0 equal standing with CS1 because as programming becomes more pervasive across science, engineering, and even non-STEM disciplines, more and more non-majors are taking CS0. Also, a non-trivial minority of CS majors take CS0 before CS1, especially students without much prior programming exposure. Thus, CS0 courses serve as important gateways into computing for students who might otherwise never know that they had such passions.

Results

The chart below shows how many of the top 39 departments teach either CS0 or CS1 using the seven most common languages. The bar heights add up to more than 39 since many schools offer both CS0 and CS1.

Discussion

Even though I'm a big Python proponent, I'll try my best to present just the facts without editorializing.

Python is the most popular language in this list. It narrowly surpassed Java, which has been the dominant introductory teaching language over the past decade. Some schools have fully switched over to Python, while others take a hybrid approach, offering Python in CS0 and keeping Java in CS1. However, at the high school level, Java is still used in the AP (Advanced Placement) curriculum.

The next most popular language is MATLAB, which is often used in CS0 courses to introduce scientists and engineers to programming. C and C++ are next on the list, but they've been firmly supplanted by Java over the past decade. The high school AP curriculum even replaced C++ with Java in 2003. Also, some introductory courses that use C (such as Harvard's CS50) teach it alongside other languages rather than having it be the sole language.

Scheme-based languages are popular amongst a devoted subset of educators and programming language researchers. Most notably, two (somewhat rival) philosophical camps -- SICP and HtDP -- have created acclaimed textbooks and courses around the Scheme ecosystem. But in recent years, Scheme has been phased out in favor of Python at places such as MIT and UC Berkeley. It's being used in only five schools in this list.

Scratch is the only visual, blocks-based language that made this list. It's one of the most popular languages of this genre, which include related projects such as Alice, App Inventor, Etoys, Kodu, StarLogo, and TouchDevelop. The creators of these sorts of languages focus mostly on K-12 education, which might explain why they haven't gotten as much adoption at the university level.

Finally, note that three interesting sets of languages didn't make it on this chart because they were used in either zero or one university in our sample:

• Statically-typed functional languages such as Haskell and ML variants, which are popular amongst PL researchers
• Dynamically-typed languages such as JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP, which are popular amongst Web programmers
• Widely-used industry languages that are commonly associated with specific proprietary platforms, such as Objective-C (Apple) and C#/Visual Basic (Microsoft)

If we revisit this analysis in five, ten, or twenty years, which language will be in the lead then?

Appendix: Full Course Listing

Here is the raw data that generated the main chart in this article. I manually collected all of this data in July 2014 by browsing through department and course websites, mostly from the 2013-2014 academic year. (This table is a bit hard to read since I could not add the proper lines and spacing using ACM's blogging software.)

I have not linked to individual course Web pages, since those links often refer to past offerings and quickly grow stale. But course names should remain stable for the foreseeable future.

Note that many schools offer both CS0 and CS1 courses (often multiple versions of each), and that some courses are taught using multiple programming languages.

Rank	University	Python	Java	MATLAB	C	C++	Scheme	Scratch
1	Carnegie Mellon	15-110, 15-112			15-122
1	MIT	6.00, 6.01
1	Stanford		CS106A
1	UC Berkeley	CS61A						CS10
5	UIUC	CS103	CS125	CS101	CS101
6	Cornell	CS1110		CS1112
6	U.Washington	CSE140	CSE142
8	Princeton		COS126
9	Georgia Tech	CS1301, CS1315		CS1371
9	UT Austin	CS303E	CS312
11	Caltech	CS1
11	U. Wisconsin Madison		CS302					CS202
13	UCLA					CS31
13	U. Michigan	EECS182				EECS182, 183
15	Columbia	ENGI E1006	COMS W1004-1	COMS W1005-1
15	UCSD		CSE8A	CSE7	CSE5A
15	U. Maryland - College Park	CMSC 198C,D,E	CMSC131
18	Harvard				CS50
19	U. Penn		CIS 110, 120
20	Brown	CSCI0931	CSCI0150	CSCI0040			0170,0190	0080
20	Purdue	CS17700	CS18000	CS15900	CS15800, CS15900
20	Rice	COMP 140
20	USC	CSCI 101			CSCI 103	CSCI 103
20	Yale		CPSC112				CPSC201
25	Duke	CompSci 101
25	UMass Amherst	CMPSCI 119	CMPSCI 121
25	UNC Chapel Hill	Comp 110	Comp 401
28	Johns Hopkins		EN600.107
29	NYU	CSCI-UA.2	CSCI-UA.0101
29	Penn State					CMPSC 121
29	UC Irvine	CSE 41
29	U. Minnesota	CSci 1001,1901	CSci 1103				CSci 1901
29	U. Virginia	CS 1120	CS 1110, 1111
34	Northwestern	EECS110			EECS110		EECS111
34	Ohio State		CSE201	CSE 205		CSE 202
34	Rutgers		CS111
34	UC Davis	ECS 10
34	UC Santa Barbara	CS8
34	U. Chicago	CMSC 12100, 12200, 12300	CMSC 12100, 12200, 12300			CMSC 12100, 12200, 12300	CMSC 10500, 11500
Total		27	22	8	7	6	5	3

 

Here are the edits made to this table after its initial publication on 2014-07-07, thanks to reader-submitted corrections:

• Added Columbia ENGI E1006 (Python), since a current student emailed me about it. Here's an excerpt: "Very few people are required to take the Matlab course [1005] (mostly just a few specific engineering majors), whereas all CS majors, and all engineers in general have to take 1006. This python course was only added in the last two years, so it's certainly a sign of Columbia following the national trend of Python becoming more popular as an intro course!"
• Added UNC Chapel Hill Comp 110 (Python), since an instructor emailed me about it.
• Added Northwestern EECS 111 (Scheme), since a student emailed to me: "CS1 is called EECS111, and it is taught in Meta (A scheme-like language with .NET binding built by a professor here), Scheme, or Racket, depending on the professors. I'd say its fair to say that CS1 is taught in Scheme, as all the languages, specially the features we use, are almost Scheme."
• Added UMass  CMPSCI 121 (Java), since a professor emailed me about it.
• Added Georgia Tech CS1371 (MATLAB), since a current student emailed me.
• Added USC CSCI 103 (C and C++), since a current student emailed me about it.
• Added Brown CSCI0190 (Scheme) and CSCI0931 (Python), since a current student emailed me.
• Added U. Minnesota CSci 1103 (Java), removed 1901 as Java, and added 1901 as Python since a current student emailed me and said how 1901 was switching over to Python.
• Removed U.T. Austin CS105 (Python) and added CS303E (Python), since an alum emailed me.
• Added Carnegie-Mellon 15-122 (C), since a professor emailed me.
• Added Yale CPSC201 (Scheme), since an alum emailed me.

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