Communications of the ACM
Video Game Players Advancing Genetic Research
Credit: McGill University
Thousands of video game players have helped significantly advance researchers' understanding of the genetic basis of diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes and cancer over the past year. They are the users of a web-based video game developed by Jérôme Waldispuhl of the McGill School of Computer Science and collaborator Mathieu Blanchette. Phylo is designed to allow casual game players to contribute to scientific research by arranging multiple sequences of colored blocks that represent human DNA. By looking at the similarities and differences between these DNA sequences, scientists are able to gain new insight into a variety of genetically-based diseases.
The researchers released on Wednesday (December 7) the results computed from the solutions collected over the last year, together with an improved mobile version of Phylo for tablets.
Over the past year, Phylo's 17,000 registered users have been able to simply play the game for fun or choose to help decode a particular genetic disease. "A lot of people said they enjoyed playing a game which could help to trace the origin of a specific disease like epilepsy," says Waldispuhl. "There's a lot of excitement in the idea of playing a game and contributing to science at the same time," Blanchette agrees. "It's guilt-free playing; now you can tell yourself it's not just wasted time."
Waldispuhl and his students came up with the idea of using a video game to solve the problem of DNA multiple sequence alignment because it is a task that is difficult for computers to do well. "There are some calculations that the human brain does more efficiently than any computer can. Recognizing and sorting visual patterns fall in that category," Waldispuhl says. "Computers are best at handling large amounts of messy data, but where we require high accuracy, we need humans. In this case, the genomes we're analyzing have already been pre-aligned by computers, but there are parts of it that are misaligned. Our goal is to identify these parts and transform the task of aligning them into a puzzle people will want to sort out."
So far, it has been working very well. Since the game was launched in November 2010, the researchers have received more than 350,000 solutions to alignment sequence problems. "Phylo has contributed to improving our understanding of the regulation of 521 genes involved in a variety of diseases. It also confirms that difficult computational problems can be embedded in a casual game that can easily be played by people without any scientific training," Waldispuhl says. "What we're doing here is different from classical citizen science approaches. We aren't substituting humans for computers or asking them to compete with the machines. They are working together. It's a synergy of humans and machines that helps to solve one of the most fundamental biological problems."
With the new games and platforms, the researchers are hoping to encourage even more gamers to join the fun and contribute to a better understanding of genetically-based diseases at the same time.
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