Communications of the ACM
Facebook Boosts Voter Turnout
More than 60 million Facebook users were shown a "get out the vote" message on U.S. Election Day 2010.
Credit: LifePress
About one third of a million more people showed up at the ballot box in the United States in 2010 because of a single Facebook message on Election Day, estimates a new study led by the University of California, San Diego.
Published in Nature, the massive-scale experiment confirms that peer pressure helps get out the vote — and demonstrates that online social networks can affect important real-world behavior.
"Voter turnout is incredibly important to the democratic process. Without voters, there's no democracy," says lead author James Fowler, UC San Diego professor of political science in the Division of Social Sciences and of medical genetics in the School of Medicine. "Our study suggests that social influence may be the best way to increase voter turnout. Just as importantly, we show that what happens online matters a lot for the 'real world.'"
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, voter participation was about 53 percent of the voting-age population for the presidential election in 2008. For the Congressional election in 2010, which this study focused on, the turnout was 37 percent. The numbers are clear: Many more people in the United States could vote than do.
In the study, more than 60 million people on Facebook saw a social, non-partisan "get out the vote" message at the top of their news feeds on Nov. 2, 2010.
The message featured a reminder that "Today is Election Day"; a clickable "I Voted" button; a link to local polling places; a counter displaying how many Facebook users had already reported voting; and up to six profile pictures of users' own Facebook friends who had reported voting.
About 600,000 people, or one percent, were randomly assigned to see a modified "informational message," identical in all respects to the social message except for pictures of friends. An additional 600,000 served as the control group and received no Election Day message from Facebook at all.
Fowler and colleagues then compared the behavior of recipients of the social message, recipients of the informational message, and those who saw nothing.
Users who had received the social message were more likely than the others both to look for a polling place and to click on the "I Voted" button.
While measuring clicks can give you a pretty good sense of how people behave online, it doesn't tell you how many people really got out and voted. (Other studies have noted that a desire to conform to social expectations causes many people to claim they vote when they don't.)
Real-World Voting
To estimate how many people actually voted, the team used publicly available voting records. In their analyses, they developed a technique that prevented Facebook from knowing which users actually voted or registered, but it allowed the researchers to compare rates of turnout between users who saw the message and users who didn't.
Sure enough, about 4 percent of those who said they had voted hadn't.
But more importantly: Rates of actual voting, the researchers discovered, were highest for the group that got the social message.
Users who got the informational message — who didn't see photos of friends — voted at the same rates as those who saw no message at all. Those who saw photos of friends, on the other hand, were indeed more likely to vote.
The Friend Factor
"Social influence made all the difference in political mobilization," Fowler says. "It's not the 'I Voted' button, or the lapel sticker we've all seen, that gets out the vote. It's the person attached to it."
The researchers estimate that the direct effect of the Facebook social message on users who saw it generated an additional 60,000 votes in 2010. But the effects of the social network — of social contagion among friends — they say, yielded another 280,000 more, for a total of 340,000. In other words, Fowler says, the social network yielded an additional four voters for every one voter that was directly mobilized.
Fowler and colleagues get to the total figure by comparing turnout between the friends of those who saw the social message and the friends of those who saw no message. Friends of social-message recipients, regardless of whether they were themselves recipients, were more likely to vote.
The researchers also show that the message affected people at two degrees of separation: the friends of the friends of social-message recipients were also more likely to click on the "I voted" button, yielding an additional 1 million acts of political self-expression.
"If you only look at the people you target, you miss the whole story," Fowler says. "Behaviors changed not only because people were directly affected, but also because their friends [and friends of friends] were affected."
Close Friends Matter Most
Most of the increase in actual voting, Fowler says, was attributable not to the entire set of a user's Facebook friends but to "close friends," people with whom users were most likely to have a close relationship outside the online network. The researchers established this by asking some users about their closest friends and then measuring how often they interact on Facebook. Fowler and colleagues showed that Facebook interactions could be used to predict which Facebook friends were also close friends "in real life," and it was these close relationships that accounted for virtually all the difference in voting.
The researchers did not find any evidence of differences in effects among self-described liberals and conservatives.
Research is now continuing on what kinds of messages work best for increasing voter participation and what kinds of people are most influential in the process.
Although the effect of the message per friend was small, Fowler points to the advantages of scale. When you multiply a small effect across the millions of users and billions of friendships in online social networks, you quickly get to numbers that make a difference.
"The main driver of behavior change is not the message — it's the vast social network," Fowler says. "Whether we want to get out the vote or improve public health, we should not only focus on the direct effect of an intervention, but also on the indirect effect as it spreads from person to person to person."
Additional coauthors are: Robert M. Bond, Christopher J. Fariss, Jason J. Jones, Jaime E. Settle of UC San Diego, and Adam D. I. Kramer and Cameron Marlow of Facebook.
The study was supported in part by the James S. McDonnell Foundation and the University of Notre Dame and the John Templeton Foundation as part of the Science of Generosity Initiative.
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