Communications of the ACM
Students Perform Well Regardless of Reading Print or Digital Books, Research Shows
"The delivery method didn't make any difference" in test scores, says Indiana State University doctoral student Jim Johnson.
Credit: Indiana State University
Research by an Indiana State University doctoral student found that students did equally well on a test whether reading from a digital book or a printed one.
Jim Johnson, who also is director of instructional and information technology services in the Bayh College of Education, surveyed more than 200 students. Half of the students used an iPad 2 to read a textbook chapter while the other half of the students read from a printed textbook chapter. The students then took an open-book quiz with eight easy and eight moderate questions on the chapter.
"Few people have done a lot of research into what I'm doing," Johnson says. "Mine directly ties performance with perception by undergraduates."
Johnson's research specifically examined three questions: Are there any significant differences in reading comprehension test scores of students when using paper texts versus digital texts? Are there any differences in reading comprehension test scores with regard to gender or between text formats and gender? Is there a relationship between the hours of experience using tablet computers and reading comprehension test scores among study participants?
"No matter what the format, no matter what the preference, they did well," Johnson says. "It was interesting that the gender didn't matter on the test scores."
Men had a mean score of 12.87 out of 16 while women had an average score of 13.60 out of 16. Students age 21 had an average score of 13.87 out of 16 while students 25 and older had an average score of 13.5 out of 16.
He also found that there was no significant difference on test scores whether or not the participant had past experience on a tablet.
"The delivery method didn't make any difference," he says.
Of the participants, 88 percent said they had read books on laptops, netbooks, or desktops, while 51 percent said they had used an iPad, iPhone or iPod to read books. Additionally 36.1 percent said they used a cell phone to look at digital texts. When asked what they would like to use, 69.1 percent said they would want to use an iPad, iPhone, or iPod to read digital text and almost the same amount, 68.7 percent, said they would prefer a laptop, netbook, or desktop computer. Only 48.1 percent said they would want to use an e-book reader. In considering digital textbook readers, 74.7 percent said the ability to browse the Internet was important while 70.4 said they wanted to read email, 62.7 percent said cheapest price was important. Of the prices students said they would pay, 40 percent said between $100 and $200, while 16.7 percent said they would pay between $200 and $249.
"The bulk of undergraduate students are looking at cheaper devices. That's important for students," Johnson says. "The market is driving our students to Android devices like Kindle."
However, some problems remain in the digital textbook market. Students expressed concern about eye strain from reading text on electronic devices. Johnson says one participant became so nauseous reading the digital text that she was unable to complete the study. Also, students expressed concern about the high price of digital textbooks as well as the battery life, software, and reliable technology.
In focus groups after the initial test, Johnson says students didn't like the high cost of digital book rental or the inability to resell digital textbooks.
"A lot of the students didn't like the idea of renting books," he says.
Johnson says there needs to be further discussion about the cost of digital textbooks and how to keep costs down. Faculty members also need to be encouraged to write and create their own digital textbooks and resources for students, he says.
Digital texts would allow professors to use the most current resources.
"Publishing on paper is always slower," he says. "Delivery options for students are important. Information should be on demand."
In the future, Johnson says professors could select chapters from different digital textbooks and combine it into one digital textbook so students wouldn't have to buy different textbooks to read chapters that the professors like.
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