Communications of the ACM
Study Shines Light on What Makes Digital Activism Effective
A protester holds a placard in Tahrir Square referring to Facebook and Twitter, acknowledging the role played by social media during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
Credit: Sherif9282
Digital activism is usually nonviolent and tends to work best when social media tools are combined with street-level organization, according to new research from the University of Washington.
The findings come from "The Report on Digital Activism and Non-Violent Conflict," released by the Digital Activism Research Project run by Philip Howard, UW professor of communication, information, and international studies. Founded by Howard in 2012, the project applies rigorous empirical social science methods to the study of global digital activism.
"This is the largest investigation of digital activism ever undertaken," Howard says. "We looked at just under 2,000 cases over a 20-year period, with a very focused look at the last two years."
Howard and coauthors Frank Edwards and Mary Joyce, both UW doctoral students, oversaw 40 student analysts who reviewed news stories by citizen and professional journalists describing digital activism campaigns worldwide. A year of research and refining brought the total down to between 400 and 500 well-verified cases representing about 150 countries. The research took a particularly focused look at the last two years.
One of the main findings is that digital activism tends to be nonviolent, despite what many may think, Howard says.
"In the news we hear of online activism that involves anonymous or cyberterrorist hackers who cause trouble and break into systems," he says. "But that was 2 or 3 percent of all the cases — far and away, most of the cases are average folks with a modest policy agenda" that doesn't involve hacking or covert crime.
Other findings include:
- Digital activism campaigns tend to be more successful when waged against government rather than business authorities. There have been many activist campaigns against corporations, but they don't seem to have succeeded as well as those that had governments for a target.
- Effective digital activism employs a number of social media tools. Tweeting alone is less successful, and no single tool in the study had a clear relationship with campaign success.
- Governments still tend to lag behind activist movements in the use and mastery of new social media tools. They sometimes use the same tools, but it's always months after others have tried them.
Howard says these factors, taken together, "are the magic ingredients, especially when the target is a government — a real recipe for success."
In time, the data gathered for this work might yield more insight into the world of digital activism, Howard says.
Unanswered questions include why there are regional disparities among digital tool use, why phones are prevalent but text messaging is rare in digital campaigns, and whether external political, social, or cultural phenomena influence patterns and the effectiveness of digital activism.
Funding for the research came from the United States Institute of Peace, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the UW Department of Communication.
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