Communications of the ACM
Robotic Prosthesis Turns Drummer Into a Three-Armed Cyborg
Jason Barnes can now flex his muscles to send signals to a computer, which tightens or loosens his drumstick.
Credit: Rob Felt / Georgia Tech
Professor Gil Weinberg has already built a band of robotic musicians in his Georgia Tech lab. Now he's created a robot that can be attached to amputees, allowing its technology to be embedded into humans. The robotic drumming prosthesis has motors that power two drumsticks. The first stick is controlled both physically by the musicians' arms and electronically using electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors. The other stick "listens" to the music being played and improvises.
"The second drumstick has a mind of its own," says Weinberg, founding director of the Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology. "The drummer essentially becomes a cyborg. It's interesting to see him playing and improvising with part of his arm that he doesn't totally control."
The prosthesis was created for Jason Barnes, a drummer who was electrocuted two years ago and lost his right arm below the elbow. The Atlanta Institute of Music and Media student built his own prosthetic device shortly after the accident. It wasn't very flexible. He could bang the drums by moving his elbow up and down, but couldn't control the speed or bounce of the stick without a wrist or fingers. That's when Weinberg stepped in to create a single-stick device with sensors that responds to Barnes' bicep muscles.
"Now I can flex and send signals to a computer that tightens or loosens the stick and controls the rebound," says Barnes.
Weinberg, who has already built a robotic percussionist and marimba player that use computer algorithms to improvise with human musicians, took the prosthesis a step further. He added the second stick and gave it a "musical brain."
"Jason can pull the robotic stick away from the drum when he wants to be fully in control," Weinberg says. "Or he can allow it to play on its own and be surprised and inspired by his own arm responding to his drumming."
Regardless of how he uses the extra stick, the new prosthetic has already given Barnes capabilities he hasn't had since before the amputation. It's only the beginning for Weinberg. He's using a National Science Foundation grant (IIS- 1345006) to expand the technology.
"Music is very time sensitive. You can hear the difference between two strokes, even if they are a few milliseconds apart," says Weinberg. "If we are able to use machine learning from Jason's muscles (and in future steps, from his brain activity) to determine when he intends to drum and have the stick hit at that moment, both arms can be synchronized."
Weinberg says such robotic synchronization technology could potentially be used in the future by fully abled humans to control an embedded, mechanical third arm during time-sensitive operations. For example, Weinberg's anticipation algorithms could be used to help astronauts or surgeons perform complex physical tasks in synchronization with robotic devices.
For Barnes, it's all about the music. Because an embedded chip can control the speed of the drumsticks, the prosthesis can be programmed to play two sticks at a different rhythm. It can also move the sticks faster than humanly possible.
"I'll bet a lot of metal drummers might be jealous of what I can do now," he says. "Speed is good. Faster is always better."
Barnes will play with the device for the first time publicly on March 22 at the Robotic Musicianship Demonstration and Concert at Kennesaw State University's Bailey Performance Center. The free event, which will also feature Weinberg's Shimi robot, is part of the Atlanta Science Festival.
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