Communications of the ACM
Automated Age-Progression Software Lets You See How a Child Will Age
Average images of people at different ages.
Credit: University of Washington, Google
It's a guessing game parents like to ponder: What will my child look like when he or she grows up? A computer could now answer the question in less than a minute.
University of Washington researchers have developed software that automatically generates images of a young child's face as it ages through a lifetime. The technique is the first fully automated approach for aging babies to adults that works with variable lighting, expressions, and poses.
"Aging photos of very young children from a single photo is considered the most difficult of all scenarios, so we wanted to focus specifically on this very challenging case," says Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, a UW assistant professor of computer science and engineering. "We took photos of children in completely unrestrained conditions and found that our method works remarkably well."
The research team has posted a paper describing its work on the new technique, "Illumination-Aware Age Progression," and will present its findings in June at CVPR 2014, the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition conference, in Columbus, Ohio.
The shape and appearance of a baby's face — and variety of expressions — often change drastically by adulthood, making it hard to model and predict that change. This technique leverages the average of thousands of faces of the same age and gender, then calculates the visual changes between groups as they age to apply those changes to a new person's face.
More specifically, the software determines the average pixel arrangement from thousands of random Internet photos of faces in different age and gender brackets. An algorithm then finds correspondences between the averages from each bracket and calculates the average change in facial shape and appearance between ages. These changes are then applied to a new child's photo to predict how she or he will appear for any subsequent age up to 80.
The researchers tested their rendered images against those of 82 actual people photographed over a span of years. In an experiment asking random users to identify the correct aged photo for each example, they found that users picked the automatically rendered photos about as often as the real-life ones.
"Our extensive user studies demonstrated age progression results that are so convincing that people can't distinguish them from reality," says co-author Steven Seitz, a UW professor of computer science and engineering. "When shown images of an age-progressed child photo and a photo of the same person as an adult, people are unable to reliably identify which one is the real photo."
Real-life photos of children are difficult to age-progress, partly due to variable lighting, shadows, funny expressions, and even milk moustaches. To compensate for these effects, the algorithm first automatically corrects for tilted faces, turned heads and inconsistent lighting, then applies the computed shape and appearance changes to the new child's face.
Perhaps the most common application of age progression work is for rendering older versions of missing children. These renderings usually are created manually by an artist who uses photos of the child as well as family members, and editing software to account for common changes to a child's face as it ages, including vertical stretching, wrinkles, and a longer nose.
But this process takes time, and it's significantly harder to produce an accurate image for children younger than age 5, when facial features more closely resemble that of a baby.
The automatic age-progression software can run on a standard computer and takes about 30 seconds to generate results for one face. While this method considered gender and age, the research team that also includes UW doctoral student Supasorn Suwajanakorn hopes to incorporate other identifiers such as ethnicity, and cosmetic factors such as hair whitening and wrinkles to build a robust enough method for representing every human face.
"I'm really interested in trying to find some representation of everyone in the world by leveraging the massive amounts of captured face photos," Kemelmacher-Shlizerman says. "The aging process is one of many dimensions to consider."
This research was funded by Google and Intel Corp.
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