Communications of the ACM
Nanoengineers Develop Basis for Electronics That Stretch at the Molecular Level
Professor Darren Lipomi believes the stretchable solar cell could lead to a "solar tarp" that supplies low cost energy to rural villages, disaster relief operations, and military operations.
Credit: UC San Diego
Nanoengineers at the University of California, San Diego are asking what might be possible if semiconductor materials were flexible and stretchable without sacrificing electronic function?
Today's flexible electronics are already enabling a new generation of wearable sensors and other mobile electronic devices. But these flexible electronics, in which very thin semiconductor materials are applied to a thin, flexible substrate in wavy patterns and then applied to a deformable surface such as skin or fabric, are still built around hard composite materials that limit their elasticity.
In "Molecularly Stretchable Electronics," published in the journal Chemistry of Materials, UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering professor Darren Lipomi reports on several new discoveries by his team that could lead to electronics that are "molecularly stretchable."
Lipomi compared the difference between flexible and stretchable electronics to what would happen if you tried to wrap a basketball with either a sheet of paper or a thin sheet of rubber. The paper would wrinkle, while the rubber would conform to the surface of the ball.
"We are developing the design rules for a new generation of plastic — or, better, rubber — electronics for applications in energy, biomedical devices, wearable and conformable devices for defense applications, and for consumer electronics," says Lipomi. "We are taking these design rules and doing wet chemistry in the lab to make new semiconducting rubber materials."
While flexible electronics based on thin-film semiconductors are nearing commercialization, stretchable electronic materials and devices are in their infancy. Stretchable electronic materials would be conformable to non-planar surfaces without wrinkling and could be integrated with the moving parts of machines and the human body in a way that materials exhibiting only flexibility could not be. For example, one of the chief applications envisioned by Lipomi is a low cost "solar tarp" that can be folded up for packaging and stretched back out to supply low cost energy to rural villages, disaster relief operations, and the military operating in remote locations. Another long-term goal of the Lipomi lab is to produce electronic polymers whose properties — extreme elasticity, biodegradability, and self-repair — are inspired by biological tissue for applications in implantable biomedical devices and prosthetics.
Lipomi has been studying why the molecular structures of these "rubber" semiconductors cause some to be more elastic than others. In one project published recently in "Best of Both Worlds: Conjugated Polymers Exhibiting Good Photovoltaic Behavior and High Tensile Elasticity," in the journal Macromolecules, the Lipomi lab discovered that polymers with strings of seven carbon atoms attached produce exactly the right balance of stretchability and functionality. That balance is key to producing devices that are "flexible, stretchable, collapsible, and fracture proof."
Lipomi's team has also created a high-performance, "low-bandgap" elastic semiconducting polymer using a new synthetic strategy the team invented. Solid polymers are partially crystalline, which gives them good electrical properties, but also makes the polymer material stiff and brittle. By introducing randomness in the molecular structure of the polymer, Lipomi's lab increased its elasticity by a factor of two without decreasing the electronic performance of the material. Their discovery, published in "Increased Elasticity of a Low-Bandgap Conjugated Copolymer by Random Segmentation for Mechanically Robust Solar Cells," in RSC Advances, is also useful for applications in stretchable and ultra-flexible devices.
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