Communications of the ACM
Wearable Computing Gloves Can Teach Braille, Even if You're Not Paying Attention
The wearable computing glove helps people learn how to read and write Braille as they concentrate on other tasks.
Credit: Georgia Institute of Technology
Several years ago, Georgia Institute of Technology researchers created a technology-enhanced glove that can teach beginners how to play piano melodies in 45 minutes. Now they've advanced the same wearable computing technology to help people learn how to read and write Braille. The twist is that people wearing the glove don't have to pay attention. They learn while doing something else.
"The process is based on passive haptic learning [PHL]," says Thad Starner, a Georgia Tech professor and wearable computer pioneer. "We've learned that people can acquire motor skills through vibrations without devoting active attention to their hands."
In their new study, Starner and Ph.D. student Caitlyn Seim examined how well these gloves work to teach Braille. Each study participant wore a pair of gloves with tiny vibrating motors stitched into the knuckles. The motors vibrated in a sequence that corresponded with the typing pattern of a pre-determined phrase in Braille. Audio cues let the users know the Braille letters produced by typing that sequence. Afterwards, everyone tried to type the phrase one time, without the cues or vibrations, on a keyboard.
The sequences were then repeated during a distraction task. Participants played a game for 30 minutes and were told to ignore the gloves. Half of the participants felt repeated vibrations and heard the cues; the others only heard the audio cues. When the game was over, participants tried to type the phrase without wearing the gloves.
"Those in the control group did about the same on their second attempt as they did in their pre-study baseline test," Starner says. "But participants who felt the vibrations during the game were a third more accurate. Some were even perfect."
The researchers expected to see a wide disparity between the two groups based on their successful results while using the piano glove. But they were surprised the passive learners picked up an additional skill.
"Remarkably, we found that people could transfer knowledge learned from typing Braille to reading Braille," Seim says. "After the typing test, passive learners were able to read and recognize more than 70 percent of the phrase's letters."
No one in the study had previously typed on a Braille keyboard or knew the language. The study also didn't include screens or visual feedback, so participants never saw what they typed. They had no indication of their accuracy throughout the study.
"The only learning they received was guided by the haptic interface," Seim says.
Seim is currently in the middle of a second study that uses PHL to teach the full Braille alphabet during four sessions. Of the eight participants so far, 75 percent of those receiving PHL reached perfect typing performance. None of the control group had zero typing errors. PHL participants have also been able to recognize and read more than 90 percent of all the letters in the alphabet after only four hours.
Nearly 40 million people worldwide are blind. However, because Braille instruction is widely neglected in schools, only 10 percent of those who are blind learn the language. Braille is also difficult to learn later in life, when diabetics, wounded veterans, or older people are prone to lose their sight.
The Braille studies will be presented in Seattle this September at ISWC 2014 - the 18th International Symposium on Wearable Computers.
In addition to teaching the piano, the researchers have previously demonstrated that the glove can improve sensation and mobility for people with spinal cord injury.
This research was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant 1217473.
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