Communications of the ACM
Thermoelectric Material Converts Heat to Electricity with Greater Efficiency
Schematic illustration of a multilayer material configuration with layers of different porosity.
Credit: APL Materials
From your hot car to your warm laptop, every machine and device in your life wastes a lot of energy through the loss of heat. But thermoelectric devices, which convert heat to electricity and vice versa, can harness that wasted heat, and possibly provide the green tech energy efficiency that's needed for a sustainable future.
Now, a new study shows how porous substances can act as thermoelectric materials — pointing the way for engineering the use of such materials in thermoelectric devices of the future. "Reduction of Thermal Conductivity in Porous 'Gray' Materials," by Roland H. Tarkhanyan and Dimitris Niarchos, is published in the open-access journal APL Materials.
About 70 percent of all the energy generated in the world is wasted as heat, Niarchos says. He and co-author Tarkhanyan are with the National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos in Athens, Greece.
To create the technology needed to capture this heat, researchers around the world have been trying to engineer more efficient thermoelectric materials. One promising material is one that's filled with tiny holes that range in size from about a micron (10-6 meters) to about a nanometer (10-9 meters). "Porous thermoelectrics can play a significant role in improving thermoelectrics as a viable alternative for harvesting wasted heat," Niarchos says.
Heat travels through a material via phonons, quantized units of vibration that act as heat-carrying particles. When a phonon runs into a hole, it scatters and loses energy. Phonons thus can't carry heat across a porous material as efficiently, giving the material a low thermal conductivity, which turns out to increase the efficiency of heat-to-electricity conversion. The more porous the material, the lower the thermal conductivity, and the better it is as a thermoelectric material.
So far, however, researchers have yet to systematically model how porous materials maintain low thermal conductivity, Niarchos says. So he and Tarkhanyan studied the thermal properties of four simple model structures of micro-nano porous materials. This analysis, Niarchos says, provides a rough blueprint for how to design such materials for thermoelectric devices.
Overall, the researchers found that the smaller the pores and the closer they're packed together, the lower the thermal conductivity. Their calculations match data from other experiments well, Niarchos says. They also show that, in principle, micro-nano porous materials can be several times better at converting heat to electricity than if the material had no pores.
The first model describes a material filled with holes of random sizes, ranging from microns to nanometers in diameter. The second is one with multiple layers in which each layer contains pores of different size scales, which gives it a different porosity. The third is a material that's composed of a three-dimensional cubic lattice of identical holes. The fourth is another multilayered system. But in this case, each layer contains a cubic lattice of identical holes. The size of the holes is different in each layer.
According to the analysis, the first and fourth models have lower thermal conductivities than the second. The third model seems to be the best one, as it also has a lower thermal conductivity than the fourth model.
Except for the first model, however, all the models aren't practical because they represent idealized situations with a perfect arrangement of pores, Niarchos says. It's also practically impossible to create precisely equal-sized pores. The first model is thus the most realistic.
Still, Niarchos says, all the distinct models demonstrate the importance of porosity in thermoelectric materials. Built upon simple and general analytical formulas, the models allow for a very fast and accurate computation of the effective lattice thermal conductivity of a porous material and the systematic analysis of such materials.
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