Communications of the ACM
Doped Nanoribbons Called a Step Towards Graphene Transistor
Credit: Empa
Graphene is a semiconductor when prepared as an ultra-narrow ribbon — although the material is actually a conductive material. Researchers from Empa and the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research have now developed a new method to selectively dope graphene molecules with nitrogen atoms. By seamlessly stringing together doped and undoped graphene pieces, they were able to form "heterojunctions" in the nanoribbons, thereby fulfilling a basic requirement for electronic current to flow in only one direction when voltage is applied — the first step towards a graphene transistor. Furthermore, the team has successfully managed to remove graphene nanoribbons from the gold substrate on which they were grown and to transfer them onto a non-conductive material.
Graphene possesses many outstanding properties: it conducts heat and electricity, it is transparent, harder than diamond, and extremely strong. But in order to use it to construct electronic switches, a material must not only be an outstanding conductor, it should also be switchable between "on" and "off" states. This requires the presence of a so-called bandgap, which enables semiconductors to be in an insulating state. The problem, however, is that the bandgap in graphene is extremely small. Researchers from the "nanotech@surfaces" laboratory of Empa thus developed a method some time ago to synthesise a form of graphene with larger bandgaps by allowing ultra-narrow graphene nanoribbons to "grow" via molecular self-assembly.
Differently Doped
The researchers, led by Roman Fasel, have now achieved a new milestone by allowing graphene nanoribbons consisting of differently doped subsegments to grow. Instead of always using the same "pure" carbon molecules, they used additionally doped molecules – molecules provided with "foreign atoms" in precisely defined positions, in this case nitrogen. By stringing together "normal" segments with nitrogen-doped segments on a gold (Au (111)) surface, so-called heterojunctions are created between the individual segments. The researchers have shown that these display similar properties to those of a classic p-n-junction, i.e. a junction featuring both positive and negative charges across different regions of the semiconductor crystal, thereby creating the basic structure allowing the development of many components used in the semiconductor industry. A p-n junction causes current to flow in only one direction. Because of the sharp transition at the heterojunction interface, the new structure also allows electron/hole pairs to be efficiently separated when an external voltage is applied, as demonstrated theoretically by theorists at Empa and collaborators at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The latter has a direct impact on the power yield of solar cells. The researchers describe the corresponding heterojunctions in segmented graphene nanoribbons in "Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions," published in Nature Nanotechnology.
Transferring Nanoribbons
In addition, the scientists have solved another key issue for the integration of graphene nanotechnology into conventional semiconductor industry: how to transfer the ultra-narrow graphene ribbons onto another surface? As long as the graphene nanoribbons remain on a metal substrate (such as gold used here) they cannot be used as electronic switches. Gold conducts and thus creates a short-circuit that "sabotages" the appealing semiconducting properties of the graphene ribbon. Fasel's team and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, have succeeded in showing that graphene nanoribbons can be transferred efficiently and intact using a relatively simple etching and cleaning process onto (virtually) any substrate, for example onto sapphire, calcium fluoride, or silicon oxide.
Graphene is thus increasingly emerging as an interesting semiconductor material and a welcome addition to the omnipresent silicon. The semiconducting graphene nanoribbons are particularly attractive as they allow smaller and thus more energy efficient and faster electronic components than silicon. However, the generalized use of graphene nanoribbons in the electronics sector is not anticipated in the near future, due in part to scaling issues and in part to the difficulty of replacing well-established conventional silicon-based electronics. Fasel estimates that it may still take about 10 to 15 years before the first electronic switch made of graphene nanoribbons can be used in a product.
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