Communications of the ACM
Space: The Final Frontier in Silicon Chemistry
Schematic figure of the researchers' experiment.
Credit: Yasuki Endo / The University of Tokyo
Silicon, which is one of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust, is also sprinkled abundantly throughout interstellar space. The only way to identify silicon-containing molecules in the far corners of the cosmos — and to understand the chemistry that created them — is to observe through telescopes the electromagnetic radiation the molecules emit.
Scientists from the University of Tokyo, in Japan, have now determined the unique electromagnetic emission spectrums of two new, highly-reactive silicon compounds. The research, described in "Laboratory Detections of SiC2N and SiC3N by Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy," published in The Journal of Chemical Physics, will help astronomers look for the molecules in the interstellar medium.
"Like human fingerprints and DNA sequences are the markers of human identity, we can identify molecules from the frequencies of the electromagnetic waves emitted by them," says Yasuki Endo, a researcher in the Department of Basic Science at the University of Tokyo.
Using spectroscopic techniques, scientists have already detected silicon-containing molecules in the gaseous clouds that envelop some stars and in the sparsely populated space between stars. In space, silicon is often found in dust grains containing stable compounds called silicates. However, highly reactive molecules, such as SiCN, have also been detected in the gas phase in the interstellar medium.
Signature Required
Endo and his colleagues wondered if compounds in the same family as SiCN, but with longer carbon chains, also existed in the interstellar medium. But there was big obstacle to answering the question: Researchers had not yet performed any laboratory experiments to determine the spectroscopic signatures of reactive, silicon and nitrogen-terminated carbon chain molecules.
To fill the knowledge gap, Endo and his team created molecules of SiC2N and SiC3N by mixing precursor gases in a supersonic jet and zapping the mixture with electric pulses. The researchers then measured the electromagnetic emissions of the molecules in a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. To find the peaks in the emission spectrum, the researchers were guided by theoretical calculations.
"Our experiment now makes it possible to search for SiC2N and SiC3N in the interstellar medium," Endo says.
Space Chemistry Insights
Endo and his colleagues plan to use their new results to look for silicon and nitrogen-terminated carbon chain molecules in the gaseous cloud surrounding a giant infrared star called IRC+10216. Scientists had previously detected the single carbon SiCN surrounding this star.
"If [SiC2N and SiC3N] molecules are identified in astronomical objects and their abundances are determined, we will be able to obtain valuable information on the mechanisms for the formations of these molecules," Endo says. "In addition, the information may provide clues to understand formation pathways of other silicon-bearing molecules." The new information could give scientists clues about the chemical composition of the universe and the conditions that birth stars and planets.
"Laboratory detections of SiC2N and SiC3N by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy" is authored by Hiroya Umeki, Masakazu Nakajima, and Yasuki Endo. The authors of this paper are affiliated with the University of Tokyo.
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