Communications of the ACM
Comprehensive Dataset to 'Revolutionize' Democracy Research
Credit: Live Young & Free
A five-year collaboration between institutions in the United States and Sweden has resulted in a new, public dataset for researchers of democracy.
The newly released Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) dataset provides scholars with vast research opportunities on hundreds of aspects of democracy. Researchers will be able to use the large, comprehensive set to examine hundreds of indicators, and will have the ability to compare data from different times and locations.
A milestone for the study of democracy, the complete dataset covers some 15 million data points across 173 countries from 1900 to the present, and has been made public for use by researchers and citizens around the world.
V-Dem is an international effort to provide the global community with the world's most comprehensive, accurate, and detailed democracy ratings, with institutional homes at the Kellogg Institute for International Studies at the University of Notre Dame and the V-Dem Institute in the Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Taking a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy, V-Dem is a collaboration among hundreds of scholars across the world, including many connected with Kellogg.
According to Notre Dame political scientist and Kellogg Faculty Fellow Michael Coppedge, one of four principal investigators who have led the five-year effort, the data release promises to "revolutionize" quantitative research on democracy.
"Any quantitative study that has ever been done on the nature, causes, or consequences of democracy could be redone and done better using the V-Dem data," Coppedge says. "The new democracy indicators are more reliable, more valid, more comprehensive, and more nuanced than data previously available."
The dataset includes about 350 fine-grained democracy indicators, 34 mid-level indices, and five high-level indices — marking electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian democracy — going back to the year 1900.
"For the past two years, members of the public have had access to some of the data, but only in the form of interactive graphs," Coppedge says. "Now they can download it all, free of charge, and use it for their own statistical analyses."
With the new democracy data, scholars and policymakers will be able to look at relationships among different aspects of democracy as well as the relationships between democracy and other factors, with the potential to use very specific quantitative data to explore questions such as why some countries are democratic and others less so.
"We can also look at the consequences of democracy, or lack of democracy, for economic growth, human development, human rights, even big questions of war and peace — many things we really care about," Coppedge says.
"We in the West share a commitment to democratic forms of government, but it has been surprisingly hard to demonstrate beneficial consequences of democracy aside from the intrinsic benefit of political liberty. V-Dem data will help us distinguish more clearly between the goals that democracy can and cannot help us achieve."
V-Dem has already generated an outpouring of studies by members of the project, who have had access to partial and preliminary versions of the data for several years.
With fellow V-Dem researchers Staffan I. Lindberg, University of Gothenburg; Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus University; and Jan Teorell, Lund University, Coppedge co-authored "Measuring High Level Democratic Principles Using the V-Dem Data," forthcoming in the journal International Political Science Review, which explains how the project measures five varieties of democracy and traces trends in these indices since 1900.
The full dataset can be downloaded from the V-Dem website, free of charge. The data are also available for viewing in user-friendly online analysis tools. An archive of all previous versions of the data, including the coder-level data and uncertainty estimates, is maintained at CurateND, a project of the Hesburgh Libraries at Notre Dame.
Coppedge, along with Kellogg Ph.D. fellows Fernando Bizzarro Neto and Lucía Tiscornia and Kellogg research affiliate Benjamin Denison, will lead a V–Dem Data Launch Workshop on Jan. 22 at Notre Dame, which will be followed by an advanced workshop in February. An international conference to be held at the Kellogg Institute in fall 2016 will provide an early opportunity for researchers beyond the core V-Dem team to present analyses using the data.
The V-Dem project has been made possible with funding from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, the Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the European Commission/EuroAID, the Swedish Research Council, International IDEA, Denmark's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Danish Research Council, the Canadian International Development Agency, NORAD/Norwegian Research Council and the Quality of Government Institute, with co-funding from the University of Gothenburg and the Kellogg Institute for International Studies and other entities at the University of Notre Dame.
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