Communications of the ACM
Minimally Invasive 'stentrode' Shows Potential as Neural Interface For Brain
Representative example demonstrating X-ray of co-implanted stentrode (yellow arrow) and epidural array (green arrow) for validation recording acute experiments. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Credit: Nature
A DARPA-funded research team has created a novel neural-recording device that can be implanted into the brain through blood vessels, eliminating the need for invasive surgery and the risks associated with breaching the blood-brain barrier. The technology was developed under DARPA's Reliable Neural-Interface Technology (RE-NET) program, and offers new potential for safely expanding the use of brain-machine interfaces to treat physical disabilities and neurological disorders.
In "Minimally Invasive Endovascular Stent-Electrode Array for High-Fidelity, Chronic Recordings of Cortical Neural Activity," published in the journal Nature Biotechnology, researchers in the Vascular Bionics Laboratory at the University of Melbourne led by neurologist Thomas Oxley, M.D., describe proof-of-concept results from a study conducted in sheep that demonstrate high-fidelity measurements taken from the motor cortex — the region of the brain responsible for controlling voluntary movement — using a novel device the size of a small paperclip.
This new device, which Oxley's team dubbed the "stentrode," was adapted from off-the-shelf stent technology — a familiar therapeutic tool for clearing and repairing blood vessels — to include an array of electrodes. The researchers also addressed the dual challenge of making the device flexible enough to safely pass through curving blood vessels, yet stiff enough that the array can emerge from the delivery tube at its destination.
Whereas traditional electrode arrays are implanted into the brain through a surgical procedure that requires opening the skull, the stentrode is delivered via catheter angiography, a much lower-risk procedure. The catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the neck. Researchers then use real-time imaging to guide the stentrode to a precise location in the brain, where the stentrode then expands and attaches to the walls of the blood vessel to read the activity of nearby neurons. The stentrode technology leverages well-established techniques from the field of endovascular surgery, which uses blood vessels as portals for accessing deep structures while greatly reducing trauma associated with open surgery. Endovascular techniques are routinely used for surgical repair of damaged blood vessels and for installation of devices such as stents and stimulation electrodes for cardiac pacemakers.
For this study, the research team placed the stentrode in a superficial cortical vein overlying the motor cortex, where it could detect electrical signals generated by upper motor neurons in the brain that signal information about movement.
"DARPA has previously demonstrated direct brain control of a prosthetic limb by paralyzed patients fitted with penetrating electrode arrays implanted in the motor cortex during traditional open-brain surgery," says Doug Weber, the program manager for RE-NET. "By reducing the need for invasive surgery, the stentrode may pave the way for more practical implementations of those kinds of life-changing applications of brain-machine interfaces."
The published results demonstrate measurement of brain signals with the stentrode that are quantitatively similar to measurements made by commercially available surface electrocorticography arrays implanted during open-brain surgery. Additionally, the study achieved chronic recordings in freely moving sheep for up to 190 days, indicating that implantation of the device could be safe for long-term use.
The research team is planning the first in-human trial of the stentrode in 2017 at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in Melbourne, Australia.
The Nature Biotechnology article is authored by Thomas J. Oxley, Nicholas L. Opie, Sam E. John, Gil S. Rind, Stephen M. Ronayne, Tracey L. Wheeler, Jack W. Judy, Alan J. McDonald, Anthony Dornom, Timothy J.H. Lovell, Christopher Steward, David J. Garrett, Bradford A. Moffat, Elaine H. Lui, Nawaf Yassi, Bruce C.V. Campbell, Yan T. Wong, Kate E. Fox, Ewan S. Nurse, Iwan E. Bennett, Sébastien H. Bauquier, Kishan A. Liyanage, Nicole R. van der Nagel, Piero Perucca, Arman Ahnood, Katherine P. Gill, Bernard Yan, Leonid Churilov, Christopher R. French, Patricia M. Desmond, Malcolm K. Horne, Lynette Kiers, Steven Prawer, Stephen M. Davis, Anthony N. Burkitt, Peter J. Mitchell, David B. Grayden, Clive N. May, and Terence J. O'Brien.
Co-funding and support for the development of the stentrode and ensuing pre-clinical trials was provided by the U.S. Office of Naval Research Global.
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