Communications of the ACM
Despite Gains, Women Still Seen as Incompatible with Stem Fields, Study Finds
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As the science community reels from ongoing revelations of sexual harassment and discrimination, a new study by offers important clues as to how women scientists are perceived and how stereotypes might lead to prejudicial treatment. "Stereotypes About Gender and Science: Women ≠ Science," published in Psychology of Women Quarterly, shows that despite significant progress, women are still thought to lack the qualities needed to be successful scientists. The findings suggest this may contribute to discrimination and prejudice against women in those fields.
The paper is authored by Linda Carli, a senior lecturer in psychology at Wellesley College and an authority on gender discrimination and the challenges faced by professional women.
Carli's research adds critical background data to the on-going conversation by women scientists disclosing years of abuse and discrimination. For example, one professor recently published an op-ed piece in The New York Times about her own experience, suggesting the reality of discrimination and even abuse could explain why there are fewer women in STEM fields.
Carli's research specifically compared how men, women, and scientists (as categories of people) are perceived by both genders. Little research has been done on the topic of how scientists as a group are perceived, and even though much work has looked at gender stereotypes and stereotypes for leaders, for example, there previously had been no study that considered the overlap of gender stereotypes with stereotypes about scientists, Carli says.
"Common cultural stereotypes about women, men, and scientists lead people to see women as incompatible with science," Carli says. "Men are especially prone to this bias, but everyone shares it. This may result in prejudice (a dislike of female scientists compared with men) and discrimination against them."
The study also used students at Wellesley, an all-women's college, to gauge the effect this environment might have on stereotypes. Approaching the research in this way led Carli to uncover a surprising and telling contrast between women in this setting and women and men at co-educational institutions. Only the women from her study who attended a single-sex college saw a meaningful similarity between women and scientists. Says Carli, "Women at co-ed institutions saw very little similarity and men saw none at all. It may be that women attending women's colleges have greater exposure to female scientists, and this may shift their stereotypes about successful scientists to be more like women," Carli says.
"Research on leadership suggests that media exposure to female leaders, such as Madeleine Albright, Angela Merkel, and Janet Yellen, increases peoples' perception that women can be good leaders," Carli says. "But people have little exposure to prominent female scientists. Going to a women's college may correct that problem."
Support for this view comes from Wellesley itself. Wellesley College alumnae are awarded more science and engineering doctorates than female graduates of any other liberal arts college in the United States, the college says. Among Wellesley's top ten majors are neuroscience, biological sciences, computer science, and math.
Carli's research shows that scientists are perceived as more "agentic" (e.g., risk-taking and competitive), and that these characteristics have the greatest overlap with how men are also perceived. Women are thought to be more "communal," associated with qualities like helpfulness and kindness. "[T]he overall image of successful scientists appears to be one of exaggerated masculinity, but with fewer of the more negative qualities associated with masculinity," Carli writes in her paper.
Her research was comprised of two different studies. In the first, participants were given a set of descriptive terms and asked to use them to describe the characteristics of a randomly assigned group ('adult man,' or 'adult woman,' or 'successful scientist') and to place each term on a five-point scale, with one [1] representing "not characteristic." The aim was to examine the overlap of stereotypes about women and men and to see if the gender of the participant had an effect on how they viewed these groups.
The second study looked at particular fields in science (e.g., biology) and examined if the number of women actually working in that discipline had an effect on how women were perceived. Like the first study, these participants were asked to describe the characteristics of a randomly assigned group; instead of 'successful scientist,' the category was, for example, 'successful biologist.'
While generally women also perceive men and scientists to share more similarities than they feel their own gender shares with scientists, Carli's study did find that women were "more inclined to attribute to their own gender a somewhat greater degree of agency, and to perceive a somewhat greater similarity of women to successful scientist [than men did]." She also found that the greater number of women working in a particular field, the greater a perceived similarity between women and scientists existed. However, the number of men in a particular field does not change perceived similarities. "[G]iven that people discriminate against women even in gender-neutral fields," she writes, "it may be that women have to predominate in a field before people perceive them as having the same role congruity [similarity between their gender and their field's perceived characteristics] as men."
Carli argues the implications of her study are clear. "These data suggest that the challenges women face as potential scientists may go beyond the perception that science is a poor match with women's communal goals or that more scientists are men [and] not women," she writes.
Her findings are also a call to action. We must be "more aware of these potential biases and attempt to compensate for them in evaluating women and girls in STEM," she writes.
Key Findings:
• People consistently perceive scientists to possess qualities that are culturally linked to stereotypes about men. Specific stereotypes about men (e.g., they are risk-takers) overlap with stereotypes about scientists.
• Stereotypes about women (e.g., they are "communal") are not only still prevalent but work against perceptions that women can be successful scientists. This may lead to obstacles to women in the STEM disciplines.
• Only students at all-women colleges (as compared to both women and men at co-ed institutions) saw a meaningful similarity between how women and scientists are perceived.
• Results suggest attending a women's college, and the exposure to prominent female scientists that may come with it, can lead to women being more likely to see their gender as suited for careers in science.
• The greater number of women working in a particular field, the greater a perceived similarity between women and scientists existed. The number of men in a particular field, however, does not change perceived similarities.
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