Communications of the ACM
Retweeting May Overload Your Brain
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In a digital world where information is at your fingertips, be prepared to hold on tight before it slips right through them. Research at Cornell University and Beijing University finds retweeting or otherwise sharing information creates a "cognitive overload" that interferes with learning and retaining what you've just seen.
Worse yet, that overload can spill over and diminish performance in the real world.
"Most people don't post original ideas any more. You just share what you read with your friends," says Qi Wang, professor of human development in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. "But they don't realize that sharing has a downside. It may interfere with other things we do."
Wang and colleagues in China conducted experiments showing that "retweeting" interfered with learning and memory, both online and off. The experiments are described in "Does Micro-blogging Make Us 'Shallow'? Sharing Information Online Interferes with Information Comprehension," published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior.
The experiments were conducted at Beijing University, with a group of Chinese college students as subjects. At computers in a laboratory setting, two groups were presented with a series of messages from Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter. After reading each message, members of one group had options either to repost or go on to the next message. The other group was given only the "next" option.
After finishing a series of messages, the students were given an online test on the content of those messages. Those in the repost group offered almost twice as many wrong answers and often demonstrated poor comprehension. What they did remember they often remembered poorly, Wang reports. "For things that they reposted, they remembered especially worse," she says.
The researchers theorized that reposters were suffering from "cognitive overload." When there is a choice to share or not share, the decision itself consumes cognitive resources, Wang says.
This led to a second experiment: After viewing a series of Weibo messages, the students were given an unrelated paper test on their comprehension of a New Scientist article.
Again, participants in the no-feedback group outperformed the reposters. Subjects also completed a Workload Profile Index, in which they were asked to rate the cognitive demands of the message-viewing task. The results confirmed a higher cognitive drain for the repost group.
"The sharing leads to cognitive overload, and that interferes with the subsequent task," Wang says. "In real life when students are surfing online and exchanging information and right after that they go to take a test, they may perform worse," she says.
Noting that other research has shown people often pay more attention to elements of a web design such as "repost" or "like" than to the content, the researchers suggest that web interfaces should be designed to promote rather than interfere with cognitive processing. "Online design should be simple and task-relevant," Wang says.
The Computers in Human Behavior paper is authored by Tonglin Jianga, Yubo Houa, and Qi Wang.
The research was supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation.
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