Communications of the ACM
Graphene Key to Growing 2-D Semiconductor with Extraordinary Properties
Credit: UCSB
A newly discovered method for making two-dimensional materials could lead to new and extraordinary electronic properties, particularly in a class of materials called nitrides, say the Penn State materials scientists who discovered the process. This first-ever growth of two-dimensional gallium nitride using graphene encapsulation could lead to applications in deep ultraviolet lasers, next-generation electronics, and sensors.
"These experimental results open up new avenues of research in 2-D materials," says Joshua Robinson, associate professor of materials science and engineering. "This work focuses on making 2-D gallium nitride, which has never been done before."
Gallium nitride in its three-dimensional form is known to be a wide-bandgap semiconductor. Wide-bandgap semiconductors are important for high frequency, high power applications. When grown in its two-dimensional form, gallium nitride transforms from a wide-bandgap material to an ultrawide-bandgap material, effectively tripling the energy spectrum in which it can operate, including the whole ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum. This work will have a particular impact on electro-optic devices that manipulate and transmit light.
New Thinking
"This is a new way of thinking about synthesizing 2-D materials," says Zak Al Balushi, a Ph.D. candidate co-advised by Robinson and Joan Redwing, professor of materials science and engineering and electrical engineering. Al Balushi is lead author on a paper describing the research, "Two-Dimensional Gallium Nitride Realized via Graphene Encapsulation," published in the journal Nature Materials.
"We have this pallette of naturally occurring 2-D materials," Al Balushi says. "But to expand beyond this, we have to synthesize materials that do not exist in nature. Typically, new material systems are highly unstable. But our growth method, called Migration Enhanced Encapsulated Growth [MEEG], uses a layer of graphene to assist the growth and stabilize a robust structure of 2-D gallium nitride."
The graphene is grown on a substrate of silicon carbide, which is a technologically important substrate used widely in industry for LEDs, radar, and telecommunications. When heated, the silicon on the surface decomposes and leaves a carbon-rich surface that can reconstruct into graphene. The advantage of producing the graphene in this way is that the interface where the two materials meet is perfectly smooth.
Robinson believes that in the case of two-dimensional gallium nitride, the addition of a layer of graphene makes all the difference. Graphene, a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms, is known for its remarkable electronic properties and strength.
"It's the key," Robinson says. "If you try to grow these materials the traditional way, on silicon carbide, you normally just form islands. It doesn't grow in nice layers on the silicon carbide."
When gallium atoms are added to the mix, they migrate through the graphene and form the middle layer of a sandwich, with graphene floating on top. When nitrogen atoms are added, a chemical reaction takes place that turns the gallium and nitrogen into gallium nitride.
Adds Redwing, "The MEEG process not only produces ultra-thin sheets of gallium nitride but also changes the crystal structure of the material, which may lead to entirely new applications in electronics and optoelectronics."
Additional coauthors include Ke Wang, Rafael Vila, Sarah Eichfield, Yu-Chuan Lin, and Shruti Subramanian of Penn State, Ram Krishna Ghosh and Suman Datta of Notre Dame, Joshua Caldwell, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Xiaoye Qin and Robert Wallace at The University of Texas at Dallas, and Dennis Paul with Physical Electronics USA.
Funding was provided by Asahi Glass Co. Ltd, Japan, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Funding for Al Balushi was provided by the NSF Materials Science and Engineering Center at Penn State. Other funding was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Penn State Materials Characterization Laboratory and the Center for Low Energy Systems Technology, funded by the Semiconductor Research Corp. and DARPA.
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