Communications of the ACM
Chicago Becomes First City to Launch Array of Things
Chicago Department of Transportation workers install the first public Array of Things node in Chicago.
Credit: Urban Center for Computation and Data
The Array of Things team begins the first phase of a groundbreaking urban sensing project in Chicago this week, installing the first of an eventual 500 nodes on city streets. By measuring data on air quality, climate, traffic and other urban features, these pilot nodes kick off an innovative partnership between the University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, and the City of Chicago to better understand, serve, and improve cities.
Array of Things is designed as a "fitness tracker" for the city, collecting new streams of data on Chicago's environment, infrastructure, and activity. This hyper-local, open data can help researchers, city officials, and software developers study and address critical city challenges, such as preventing urban flooding, improving traffic safety and air quality, and assessing the nature and impact of climate change.
In the first phase of the project, 50 nodes will be installed in August and September on traffic light poles in different locations — The Loop, Pilsen, Logan Square, and along Lake Michigan. These nodes will contain sensors for measuring air and surface temperature, barometric pressure, light, vibration, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and ambient sound intensity. Two cameras will collect data on vehicle and foot traffic, standing water, sky color, and cloud cover.
The first two nodes were installed last week at the intersections of Damen and Archer Avenues and Damen Avenue and Cermak Road, where they will collect information on weather, traffic, and air quality. A total of 500 nodes will be installed across Chicago by the end of 2018, and additional nodes will be shared with cities across the United States and in countries such as England, Mexico, and Taiwan.
"The University of Chicago has a long and flourishing tradition of scholarship that engages with urban life and makes a positive impact," says Robert J. Zimmer, president of the University. "The Array of Things project advances these ideals by gathering a broad scope of data about the urban environment, in a form that researchers, policymakers, and residents can use to develop innovative ways of improving our city and urban areas around the world."
"The Array of Things project is just one example of the advancements that are possible when the city, university, and Argonne combine their diverse and complementary perspectives, experience and expertise," says Argonne Director Peter B. Littlewood. "I'm excited to see the Array of Things fulfill its potential to help make Chicago cleaner, healthier, and more livable, and I also look forward to future game-changing collaborations with our local partners."
Initial node locations and data applications were determined based on interactions with community organizations and research groups. Eight nodes in Pilsen will contain sensors for tracking air quality and its relationship with asthma and other diseases. Partnerships with the Chicago Loop Alliance and Vision Zero motivated studies of pedestrian and vehicle flow and traffic safety in The Loop neighborhood. And scientists at UChicago and Argonne chose locations along the lake and across the middle of Chicago that will allow for optimal measurements of features related to urban weather and climate change.
"The Array of Things is a community technology," says Charlie Catlett, director of the Urban Center and Computation and Data at the University of Chicago and Argonne and the lead investigator of Array of Things. "It's about creating new streams of data that help us understand and address the most critical urban challenges. Where we see an intersection of resident concerns, science interests, and policymaker interest, that's where we see opportunity for Array of Things deployment in Chicago."
Array of Things will also support City of Chicago efforts to provide smarter and proactive services using predictive analytics and data-driven policy. For example, by tracking the weather conditions leading up to flooding at intersections, city crews can respond more quickly to floods or make infrastructural changes that prevent standing water from accumulating. City departments could also use data on heavy truck traffic and air quality to make decisions about commercial routing that preserves clean air and safe roads in residential neighborhoods.
"It's truly doing science in the city and out in the communities. We'll be able to engage with community groups to help them make the data their own and figure out to use it to address the questions they have," says Brenna Berman, chief information officer of the City of Chicago. "You're going to see community groups use this data to understand their communities and neighborhoods better as we all try to build a better life here in Chicago."
Data collected by Array of Things nodes will be open, free, and available to the public, researchers, and developers. After a brief period of testing and calibration, the project will publish data through the City of Chicago Data Portal, open data platform Plenar.io, and via application programming interfaces (APIs). As specified by the Array of Things privacy and governance policies, no personally identifiable information will be stored or released by sensor nodes.
Array of Things is funded by a $3.1 million grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation, with additional investments from Argonne and the Chicago Innovation Exchange.
"We at the National Science Foundation are proud to support the Array of Things," says Jim Kurose, head of Computer and Information Science and Engineering at NSF. "The launch of the first nodes will provide important information and data-driven insights about the health of cities and residents, and illustrate how fundamental research is vital to the transformation of our local communities envisioned by the National Smart Cities Initiative."
The network's underlying software and hardware includes the Waggle sensor platform, designed by Pete Beckman, Rajesh Sankaran, and Catlett at Argonne. The node enclosures were designed and manufactured by Product Development Technologies, from original designs by Douglas Pancoast and Satya Mark Basu of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. AT&T is the project's communications partner, providing all AoT connectivity for Chicago. Array of Things technology was developed with help from industry partners who provided in-kind engineering expertise, including Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, Motorola Solutions, Schneider Electric, and Zebra Technologies.
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