Communications of the ACM
New Computer Chip Manufacturing Method Squeezes More Onto Limited Wafer Space
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Computer chip makers continuously strive to pack more transistors in less space, yet as the size of those transistors approaches the atomic scale, there are physical limits on how small they are able to make the patterns for the circuitry.
Now, taking advantage of a germanium wafer coated with a layer of virtually pristine graphene — a sheet of carbon arranged just one atom thick — a team of engineers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Chicago has devised a simpler, reproducible, and less expensive manufacturing approach using directed self-assembly.
Directed self-assembly is a large-scale, nano-patterning technique that can increase the density of circuit patterns and circumvent some limitations of conventional lithographic processes for printing circuits on wafers of semiconductors such as silicon.
Electrical engineer Zhenqiang "Jack" Ma and materials engineer Michael Arnold of UW-Madison, chemical engineer Paul Nealey of the University of Chicago, and their students described details of the advance in "Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Films on Atomically-Thin Graphene Chemical Patterns," published in the journal Scientific Reports.
Their work could mean a boost in functionality for semiconductor electronics and in capacity for data storage.
To achieve the incredibly tiny size required for the circuitry in future semiconductor electronics, manufacturers are developing directed self-assembly, which enables the fabrication of intricate, perfectly ordered polymer patterns for circuitry.
For directed self-assembly, the researchers use conventional chemical techniques to define a pre-pattern. When chains of molecules known as block copolymers self-assemble on the pre-pattern, they follow the pattern to form well-ordered features.
The researchers' new method is faster, and reduces the number of steps in the process to just two: lithography and plasma etching.
In the first demonstration of their technique, the researchers used electron beam lithography and a mild plasma etching technique to pattern one-atom-thick graphene stripes on a germanium wafer. Then they spin-coated the wafer with a common block copolymer called polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate).
When heated, the block copolymer self-assembled completely in just 10 minutes — compared to 30 minutes using conventional chemical patterns — and with fewer defects. The researchers attribute this rapid assembly to the smooth, rigid, crystalline surfaces of germanium and graphene.
Their new method takes advantage of a phenomenon called density multiplication. The researchers used electron beam lithography to first create a larger master template with sparse patterns that guide the orientation of their block copolymers.
When they directed the block copolymer to self-assemble, it did so in a way that enhanced the resolution of the original template — in this case, by a factor of 10. The best previous enhancement by density multiplication was a factor of four.
While the stripe pattern was a simple demonstration of their technique, the researchers also showed it works with more architecturally complex or irregular patterns, including those with abrupt 90-degree bends.
"These templates offer an exciting alternative to traditional chemical patterns composed of polymer mats and brushes, as they provide faster assembly kinetics and broaden the processing window, while also offering an inert, mechanically and chemically robust, and uniform template with well defined and sharp material interfaces," says Nealey.
The technique enables them to combine the uniformity and simpler processing of traditional "top-down" lithographic methods with the advantages of "bottom-up" assembly and greater density multiplication, and offers a promising route for large-scale production at significantly reduced cost.
"Using this one-atom-thick graphene template has never been done before. It's a new template to guide the self-assembly of the polymers," says Ma. "This is mass-production-compatible. We opened the door to even smaller features."
The researchers are patenting their method through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Funding from the U.S. departments of Energy and Defense, UW-Madison and the University of Chicago supported their work.
Other authors on the paper include Tzu-Hsuan Chang, Robert M. Jacobberger, Solomon Mikael, Dalong Geng, and Xudong Wang of UW-Madison, and Shisheng Xiong, Hyo Seon Suh, and Chi-Chun Liu of the University of Chicago.
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