Communications of the ACM
Fast-Track Control Accelerates Switching of Quantum Bits
Intricately shaped pulses of light pave a speedway for the accelerated dynamics of quantum particles, enabling faster switching of a quantum bit.
Credit: Peter Allen
From laptops to cellphones, today's technology advances through the ever-increasing speed at which electric charges are directed through circuits. Similar advances can happen in the emerging field of quantum technology by speeding up control over quantum states in atomic and nanoscale systems.
An international collaboration among physicists at the University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, McGill University, and the University of Konstanz recently described a new framework for faster control of a quantum bit — the basic unit of information in yet-to-be created quantum computers — in "Accelerated Quantum Control Using Superadiabatic Dynamics in a Solid-State Lambda System," published in the journal Nature Physics. Their experiments on a single electron in a diamond chip could create quantum devices less prone to errors when operated at high speeds.
To understand the experiment, one can look to the ultimate setting for speed in classical dynamics: the oval racetracks at the Indianapolis 500 or Daytona 500. To enable the racecars to navigate the turns at awesome speeds, the racetrack's pavement is "banked" by up to 30 degrees. That inward slope of the pavement allows the normal force provided by the road to help cancel the car's centrifugal acceleration, or tendency to slide outward from the turn. The greater the speed of the racecar, the greater the bank angle required.
"The dynamics of quantum particles behave analogously," says Aashish Clerk, professor of theoretical physics at McGill University. "Although the equations of motion are different, to accurately change the state of a quantum particle at high speeds, you need to design the right track to impart the right forces."
Clerk, together with McGill postdoctoral fellows Alexandre Baksic and Hugo Ribeiro, formulated a new technique to enable faster quantum dynamics by deftly absorbing detrimental accelerations felt by the quantum particle. These accelerations, unless compensated, would divert the particle from its intended trajectory in the space of quantum states, similar to how the centrifugal acceleration deflects the racecar from its intended racing line on the track.
David Awschalom, professor in spintronics and quantum information at University of Chicago's Institute for Molecular Engineering, realized the new theory could be used to speed up the diamond-based quantum devices in his labs, following discussions with members of his own group and Clerk's group. However, just as constructing the banked speedways presented challenges in civil engineering, executing the control sequences envisioned by Clerk and co-workers presented experimental challenges in quantum engineering.
Building the quantum fast track required shining intricately-shaped, synchronized laser pulses on single electrons trapped at defects inside their diamond chips. This experimental feat was achieved by lead author Brian Zhou, a member of Awschalom's group, along with group members Christopher Yale, F. Joseph Heremans, and Paul Jerger.
"We demonstrated that these new protocols could flip the state of a quantum bit, from 'off' to 'on,' 300 percent faster than conventional methods," says Awschalom, also a senior scientist at Argonne National Laboratory. "Shaving every nanosecond from the operation time is essential to reduce the impact of quantum decoherence," he says, referring to the process by which quantum information is lost to the environment.
University of Konstanz Prof. Guido Burkard and postdoc Adrian Auer joined members from the Awschalom and Clerk groups to examine the data from the experiments. "What is promising for translating these techniques beyond the laboratory is that they are effective even when the system is not perfectly isolated," says Burkard, a leading expert in diamond-based quantum systems.
The researchers anticipate their methods can be further applied for fast and accurate control over the physical motion of atoms or the transfer of quantum states between different systems, and convey benefits to quantum applications, such as secure communications and simulation of complex systems.
The Nature Physics article is authored by Brian B. Zhou, Alexandre Baksic,Hugo Ribeiro, Christopher G. Yale, F. Joseph Heremans, Paul C. Jerger, Adrian Auer, Guido Burkard, Aashish A. Clerk, and David D. Awschalom.
Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division; the Air Force Office of Scientific Research; U.S. National Science Foundation; and the German Research Foundation.
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