Communications of the ACM
Nanocavity and Atomically Thin Materials Advance the Technology For Chip-Scale Light Sources
Optical microscope images of the photonic crystal cavity transferred on the 2-D material heterostructure. Scale bar = 5 microns.
Credit: Nano Letters
When an individual uses Facebook or searches Google, the information processing happens in a large data center. Short distance optical interconnects can improve the performance of these data centers. Current systems utilize electrons, which could cause overheating and wastes power. However, utilizing light to transfer information between computer chips and boards can improve efficiency.
University of Washington Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics Arka Majumdar, Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Physics Xiaodong Xu and their team have discovered an important first step towards building electrically pumped nanolasers (or light-based sources). These lasers are critical in the development of integrated photonic based short-distance optical interconnects and sensors.
The researchers describe their results in "Nanocavity Integrated van der Waals Heterostructure Light-Emitting Tunneling Diode," published in the journal Nano Letters.
The team demonstrated this first step through cavity-enhanced electroluminescence from atomically thin monolayer materials. The thinness of this material yields efficient coordination between the two key components of the laser. Both the cavity-enhanced electroluminescence and material will allow energy-efficient data centers and support high performance parallel computing.
Recently discovered atomically thin semiconductors have generated significant interest due to showing light emission in the 2-D limit. However, due to the extreme thinness of this material, its emission intensity is usually not strong enough, and it is important to integrate them with photonic devices (nano-lasers, in this case) to get more light out.
"Researchers have demonstrated electroluminescence in this material [atomically thin monolayer]," Majumdar says. "Last year, we also reported the operation of an ultra-low threshold optically pumped laser, using this material integrated with nano-cavity. But for practical applications, electrically driven devices are required. Using this, one can power the devices using electrical current. For example, you power your laser pointer using an electrical battery."
Majumdar and Xu recently reported cavity-enhanced electroluminescence in atomically thin material. A heterostructure of different monolayer materials are used to enhance the emission. Without the cavity, the emission is broadband (unidirectional) and weak. A nano-cavity enhances the emission and also enables single-mode (directed) operation. This allows direct modulation of the emission, a crucial requirement for the data-communication.
These structures are of current scientific interest and are considered the new "gold rush" of condensed matter physics and materials science. Their current result and the previous demonstration of optically pumped lasers show the promise of electrically pumped nano-lasers, which constitutes the next milestone for this research. This next achievement will improve data center efficiency for optimal performance.
"Our team is currently exploring integration of the monolayer materials with a silicon nitride platform," Majumdar says. "Through this work, we hope to achieve the coveted CMOS [complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor] compatibility, which is the same process by which the computer processors are fabricated today."
The research is supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
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