Communications of the ACM
Patterning Process Promises Easier Nanoscale Manufacturing
University of Chicago researcher Yuanyuan Wang holds a 'mask' used in a process that makes it easier to build nanomaterials into transistors, solar cells, and other devices.
Credit: Jean Lachat
Scientists at the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory have discovered a new way to precisely pattern nanomaterials that could open a new path to the next generation of everyday electronic devices.
The new research, described in "Direct Optical Lithography of Functional Inorganic Nanomaterials" published in the journal Science, is expected to make such materials easily available for eventual use in everything from LED displays to cellular phones to photodetectors and solar cells. Though nanomaterials are promising for future devices, ways to build them into complex structures have been limited and small-scale.
"This is a step needed to move quantum dots and many other nanomaterials from proof-of-concept experiments to real technology we can use," says co-author Dmitri Talapin, professor of chemistry at UChicago and a scientist with the Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne. "It really expands our horizons."
The foundation of modern computing is a tiny switch called the transistor, made billions at a time by a technique called photolithography. This process, which has made smartphones cheap and ubiquitous, carves a stencil out of a layer of organic polymer by laying down a patterned "mask" and illuminating it with ultraviolet light. After the new material is deposited on top, the polymer stencil is lifted off to reveal the pattern. Several rounds of such patterning build a miniature transistor onto the material.
But the method has its limitations. Only a few materials can be patterned this way; it was originally developed for silicon, and as silicon's half-century reign over electronics reaches its end, scientists are looking ahead to the next materials.
One such avenue of interest is nanomaterials — tiny crystals of metals or semiconductors. At this scale, they can have unique and useful properties, but manufacturing devices out of them has been difficult.
The new technique, called DOLFIN, makes different nanomaterials directly into "ink" in a process that bypasses the need to lay down a polymer stencil. Talapin and his team carefully designed chemical coatings for individual particles. These coatings react with light, so if you shine light through a patterned mask, the light will transfer the pattern directly into the layer of nanoparticles below — wiring them into useful devices.
"We found the quality of the patterns was comparable to those made with state-of-the-art techniques," says lead author Yuanyuan Wang, postdoctoral researcher at UChicago. "It can be used with a wide range of materials, including semiconductors, metals, oxides, or magnetic materials — all commonly used in electronics manufacturing."
The team is working toward commercializing the DOLFIN technology in partnership with UChicago's Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.
In addition to Talapin and Wang, the Science article is authored by Igor Fedlin and Hao Zhang.
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