Communications of the ACM
Coalition Seeks to Increase Transparency on Life Science Career Prospects
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Nine U.S. research universities and a major cancer institute have announced plans to give would-be life scientists clear, standardized data on graduate school admissions, education and training opportunities, and career prospects.
The institutions formed the Coalition for Next Generation Life Science in response to the focus of many new Ph.D.s. solely on pursuing a limited number of traditional faculty positions and to the lack of good marketplace information on training and career options.
Without good data, students cannot make informed choices about graduate study and postdoctoral training, and universities don't have all the information they need to prepare trainees for a full range of possible careers, the 10 coalition institutions say.
"At Johns Hopkins, we celebrate our central role in the American enterprise of scientific research," says Ronald J. Daniels, president of the Johns Hopkins University and one of the coalition's founders. "Our ultimate aim is to create the strongest possible conditions for discovery among all of our researchers, and this data will ensure that they are empowered to make informed choices among the full range of training and career options in and out of academia."
The presidents and chancellors of the founding institutions announced the initiative in "A New Data Effort to Inform Career Choices in Biomedicine," a joint article published in the journal Science. They say they will begin posting informative new standardized data on institutional websites in February 2018 and add additional categories of information over the following 18 months.
The authors of the piece, in addition to Daniels, are Martha E. Pollack, president, Cornell University; Vincent Price, president, Duke University; Gary Gilliland, president, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; L. Rafael Reif, president, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Samuel Hawgood, chancellor, the University of California, San Francisco; Freeman A. Hrabowski, president, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Mark S. Schlissel, president, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Amy Gutmann, president, the University of Pennsylvania; and Rebecca Blank, chancellor, the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Their article cites studies showing that only about 10 percent of U.S. biomedical scientists land tenure-track faculty positions at U.S. institutions within five years of their Ph.D. graduation. Among the constraints on the academic job market, the article says, are a nearly 20 percent decline in inflation-adjusted federal research funding from 2003 to 2016. That decline limits hiring by the universities and other nonprofit research institutions that receive federal research support.
The coalition members will issue statistical reports with information on:
- Admission to and enrollment in doctoral programs in the life sciences;
- The median time spent in graduate school before earning a doctorate;
- The demographics of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows by gender, underrepresented minority status, and citizenship status;
- The median time spent in postdoctoral fellowships (the apprenticeships many scientists serve immediately after graduate school but before landing a permanent position); and
- The jobs held by an institution's former graduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
The dearth of faculty positions in the life sciences is no secret and many postdoctoral trainees are aware of the odds against them when they search for a traditional university job, the Science article says. The co-authors write, however, that students and trainees would benefit from appreciating the odds much sooner. They also would be helped by knowing more about the range of options for trained life scientists, such as careers in industry, entrepreneurship, government, and science communication.
"The majority of trainees will eventually choose to pursue those careers, but only after having made irreversible investments in what is often more than a decade in training for academic jobs that do not exist," the presidents and chancellors write. "And at least some of this training activity may be unnecessary for their eventual career choices."
Some relevant data are available now, but for a small number of institutions and in formats that do not allow for easy comparison. Comprehensive data in a form standardized across institutions should be a major help, the presidents and chancellors write.
"Open data will allow students and postdoctoral fellows to understand fully the range of likely outcomes of their eventual training and career choices," they write. "It will help universities to better target their programs to actual career outcomes. . . . And it can help to hold universities and other research institutions to account for their success in training and placing graduate students.
"Each of these measures," the co-authors write, "is directed at the cardinal goal of making advanced training in the life sciences more efficient and humane."
Each coalition member, the writers say, has also agreed to help graduate students and fellows better explore alternative career paths, improve mentoring, and work to improve diversity in the life sciences workforce. They say they hope other institutions will join the original 10 in the movement for transparency in biomedical career data.
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and an anonymous donor are helping to fund the coalition. Leading the group's work are two faculty members, Elizabeth Watkins, dean of the Graduate Division and vice chancellor for student academic affairs at the University of California, San Francisco, and Peter Espenshade, associate dean for graduate biomedical education at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
The presidents and chancellors say they chose to begin their transparency initiative with the life sciences because of considerable national concern over strains in the field. They add, however, that "the logic of our initiative extends to other scholarly disciplines." The coalition's work could extend in the future to graduate education and training in the natural and physical sciences, engineering, the social sciences, and the humanities.
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