Communications of the ACM
Groundbreaking Experiment Will Test the Limits of Quantum Theory
Scientists from three U.K. universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m (US$4.17 million) in funding.
Experts from the University of Southampton, Queen's University Belfast, and University College London have formed a consortium with European universities and British photonics technology company M Squared to test the limits of one of the core principles of quantum mechanics — the mind-boggling physical laws that allow microscopic particles such as atoms and electrons to be in two places at once.
Established at the beginning of the 20th century, quantum theory is a mathematical framework that provides, to date, the most accurate understanding of the results of experiments conducted on physical systems as small as single atoms, very small molecules, and very faint light.
The consortium has devised an ambitious experiment to test the so-called quantum superposition principle (QSP) — the law that allows microscopic systems to appear in two different, perfectly distinguishable, configurations at the same time.
The validity of QSP at the microscopic level is accepted by scientists, and confirmed by an enormous amount of data. But what prevents it from applying to the 'large-scale' world around us? In other words, why do everyday objects such as cars, trees, and people not behave in a quantum mechanical manner and exist in two places at once?
Unproven theories advanced since the 1980s suggest the existence of a universal background 'noise' that destroys QSP of larger objects, such as particles that can be seen using an optical microscope.
The 'Project TEQ' consortium, led by the University of Trieste, in Italy, will test the existence of this noise thanks to a €4.4m (US$5.4 million) award from the European Commission.
Its experiment will involve a tiny particle of glass, one-thousandth of the width of a human hair, being levitated by an electric field in a vacuum at a temperature close to absolute zero (-273C). A laser will be shot at the particle, and the scattering of the laser's light measured for signs of movement of the particle.
If there is no movement, it means that quantum mechanics still apply at this scale and there is no universal background noise.
However, if movement is detected, it indicates the existence of a noise that prevents QSP applying at this scale. This would represent the first observed failure of quantum theory, setting a limit on the scale at which quantum mechanics apply and having implications for large-scale applications of any physical system based on quantum principles.
Professor Hendrik Ulbricht, of the University of Southampton, says: "The vast majority of phenomena and events that occur in our daily lives can be accounted for by the laws of physics established by Isaac Newton, but the microscopic world obeys the rules of quantum mechanics, which are so strange that they can seem counter-intuitive.
"Whether it's possible to observe quantum behavior in macroscopic objects is the great unanswered question in quantum physics. If it turns out we can, this could eventually open the way for us to use the amazing characteristics of quantum mechanics in a much larger set of physical systems beyond the microscopic world," Ulbricht says. "We're about to embark on a very exciting journey."
Professor Mauro Paternostro, of Queen's University Belfast, says: "Our research program could prove that we do not have to deal with extremely small systems in order to see quantum effects, which is currently the main limitation of quantum technology.
"If you can prove that quantum theory extends to larger systems, it will offer a much more robust way of processing information: all the chips and integrated systems in computers could be shrunk to a much smaller scale and we would be able to manage quantum for daily applications," Paternostro says. "This would mean larger data-processing rates, larger memories, and larger transmission rates of data across these larger networks."
Graeme Malcolm OBE, CEO and co-founder of M Squared, says: "This fund for TEQ is an excellent example of the EU's continued support of quantum research and allows established thinking behind quantum mechanics to be tested to its limits.
"If this work does prove that quantum effects can be seen on a larger scale, it widens the potential commercial applications of quantum technology — in particular, the areas of sensing and metrology will see significant commercial opportunities in the coming decades," Malcolm says. "It's an honor to be part of the team exploring the potential of technology operating at the very limits of physics.
"If the experiment proves that quantum mechanics can be applied to larger-scale systems, it could make creating quantum technologies for use in space easier, with satellites being used to transmit quantum information rather than relying on fibers on the ground or under the sea," he says.
Other potential applications include the development of ultra-sensitive measuring devices that could outperform existing sensors to measure the effects of gravity.
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