Communications of the ACM
'Bury-and-Forget' Sensors, Data Networks Will Monitor Soil Quality
Graphene-based biosensors connected to wireless networks enable rapid monitoring of nitrogen levels throughout a farm field.
Credit: Robert Gates
The satellite images are full of red warnings: Miles and miles of bright red along the Louisiana coast; boiling reds covering most of Florida's Lake Okeechobee.
The images show harmful algae blooms that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says can create toxins, endanger human health, kill fish and wildlife, rob water of oxygen, and otherwise create environmental trouble.
Engineers at Iowa State University and the University of Florida are working on a new system of "bury-and-forget" soil sensors and remote, wireless, data-collection networks that could help reduce the fertilizer runoff that feeds the harmful algae blooms both states are working to control. Iowa's efforts are, in part, aimed at reducing fertilizer runoff that flows down the Mississippi River and contributes to the "dead zone" of oxygen-depleted water in the Gulf of Mexico along the Louisiana coast.
The runoff-reduction and healthy-soil system envisioned by the engineers could help reduce the runoff of nitrogen fertilizer by using data from the sensors to build better models of the interactions of fertilizer, soil, and crops. Those models could help farmers reduce the fertilizer they use.
Currently, famers test for soil nutrients by taking soil samples and sending them off for laboratory analysis. That can be a slow, expensive, and imprecise process.
"If we had a better predictive model, we could have better remedies for farmers," says Jonathan Claussen, an Iowa State assistant professor of mechanical engineering and leader of the project. "A better model could tell them they can use less fertilizer."
The project is supported by a two-year, $300,000, "Signals in the Soil" grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The engineers hope to collect enough data and demonstrate enough potential to successfully compete for more funding and additional research.
In addition to Claussen, the research team includes three engineers from the University of Florida in Gainesville: William Eisenstadt, a professor of electrical and computer engineering; Melanie Correll, an associate professor of agricultural and biological engineering; and Eric McLamore, an associate professor of agricultural and biological engineering.
Claussen has expertise in developing low-cost, flexible sensors based on inkjet-printed and laser-treated graphene circuits. The sensors in this project will detect ammonium and nitrate ions in soil. Claussen hopes they'll work for an entire growing season.
Eisenstadt has expertise in electronics and wireless sensor systems. Correll has expertise in crop modeling, including soil biochemistry. And McLamore has expertise in environmental-agricultural chemistry as well as biosensors.
The engineers will build the sensors, connect them to a wireless network, test how deep the sensors can be buried while maintaining network connections, build a testbed facility using tomato plants as a model crop, and collect high-resolution nitrogen data from the soil while monitoring plant growth.
"Such sensor networks and resultant models are expected to lead to precision agriculture where fertilizers are spread onto specific locations of the field in a metered fashion and only when needed," the NSF award abstract says.
That could help lead to satellite images of algae concentration showing greens and blues instead of red warnings.
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