Communications of the ACM
Scientists Move Quantum Optic Networks a Step Closer to Reality
Scientists have moved quantum optic networks a step closer to reality. A team of researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory, the University of Chicago, and Northwestern University has successfully surmounted the significant challenges of measuring how nanoplatelets, which consist of two-dimensional layers of cadmium selenide, interact with light in three dimensions. Advances in this area could enhance the operation of quantum optic networks.
The ability to precisely control the interactions of light and matter at the nanoscale could help such a network transmit larger amounts of data more quickly and securely than an electrical network.
"In order to integrate nanoplatelets into, say, photonic devices, we have to understand how they interact with light or how they emit light," says Xuedan Ma, nanoscientist at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), a DOE Office of Science User Facility at Argonne. Ma and six co-authors describe their findings in "Anisotropic Photoluminescence from Isotropic Optical Transition Dipoles in Semiconductor Nanoplatelets," published in the journal Nano Letters.
"The project ultimately targets the unique optical properties of quantum materials and the fact that they emit single photons," says Gary Wiederrecht, a co-author who also leads the CNM's nanophotonics and biofunctional structures group. "You have to be able to integrate the quantum emitter with the optical networks."
Single-photon sources like these are needed for applications in long-distance quantum communications and information processing. These sources, which would serve as signal carriers in quantum optical networks, emit light as single photons (light particles). Single photons are ideal for many quantum information science applications because they travel at light speed and lose little momentum over long distances.
The nanoplatelets form subatomic particle-like entities called excitons when they absorb light. The vertical dimension of the nanoplatelets is where the excitons undergo quantum confinement, a phenomenon that determines their energy levels and parcels electrons into discrete energy levels.
Some of the nanoplatelets for this research, which have remarkably uniform thickness, were synthesized in chemistry professor Dmitri Talapin's University of Chicago laboratory. Talapin is another co-author of the paper and has a joint appointment with Argonne.
"They have precise atomic-level control of nanoplatelet thickness," Ma says of Talapin's research group.
The nanoplatelets are approximately 1.2 nanometers thick (spanning four layers of atoms) and between 10 and 40 nanometers wide. A piece of paper would be thicker than a stack of more than 40,000 nanoplatelets. This makes it harder to measure the material's interactions with light in three dimensions.
Ma and her colleagues were able to trick the two-dimensional nanoplatelet material into revealing how they interact with light in three dimensions via the special sample preparation and analysis capabilities available at the CNM.
The transition dipole moment is an important three-dimensional parameter operating on semiconductors and organic molecules. "It defines, basically, how the molecule or the semiconductor interacts with external light," Ma says.
But the vertical component of the transition dipole is difficult to measure in a material as flat as the semiconducting nanoplatelets. The researchers solved that difficulty by using the dry-etching tools of the CNM's nanofabrication cleanroom to slightly roughen the flat glass slides upon which the nanoplatelets are placed for close examination via laser scanning and microscopy.
"The roughness is not so large that they distort a laser beam, but enough to introduce random distributions of the nanoplatelets," Ma says. The random orientations of the nanoplatelets allowed the researchers to assess the three-dimensional dipole properties of the material by special optical methods to create a doughnut-shaped laser beam within a unique optical microscope at the CNM.
Additional co-authors of the Nano Letters article are Benjamin T. Diroll of the CNM, Wooje Cho and Igor Fedin of the University of Chicago, and Richard D. Schaller of the CNM and Northwestern University.
The team's next step is to integrate the nanoplatelet materials with photonic devices for transmitting and processing quantum information. "We're proceeding in this direction already," Ma says.
This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science and the U.S. National Science Foundation.
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