Communications of the ACM
Robotic Cane Shown to Improve Stability in Walking
The light-touch robotic device acts as a cane-like mobile assistant.
Credit: Columbia University
By adding electronics and computation technology to a simple cane, a team of researchers at Columbia Engineering have transformed it into a 21st century robotic device that can provide light-touch assistance in walking to the aged and others with impaired mobility.
A team led by Sunil Agrawal, professor of mechanical engineering and of rehabilitation and regenerative medicine at Columbia Engineering, has demonstrated, for the first time, the benefit of using an autonomous robot that "walks" alongside a person to provide light-touch support, much as one might lightly touch a companion's arm or sleeve to maintain balance while walking. The researchers describe their work in "Effects of a Person-Following Light-Touch Device During Overground Walking with Visual Perturbations in a Virtual Reality Environment," published in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.
"Often, elderly people benefit from light hand-holding for support," says Agrawal, who is also a member of Columbia University's Data Science Institute. "We have developed a robotic cane attached to a mobile robot that automatically tracks a walking person and moves alongside," he says. "The subjects walk on a mat instrumented with sensors while the mat records step length and walking rhythm, essentially the space and time parameters of walking, so that we can analyze a person's gait and the effects of light touch on it."
The light-touch robotic cane, called CANINE, acts as a cane-like mobile assistant. The device improves the individual's proprioception, or self-awareness in space, during walking, which in turn improves stability and balance.
"This is a novel approach to providing assistance and feedback for individuals as they navigate their environment," says Joel Stein, Simon Baruch Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and chair of the department of rehabilitation and regenerative medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, a co-authored of the study. "This strategy has potential applications for a variety of conditions, especially individuals with gait disorders."
To test this new device, the team fitted 12 healthy young people with virtual reality glasses that created a visual environment that shakes around the user — both side-to-side and forward-backward — to unbalance their walking gait. The subjects each walked 10 laps on the instrumented mat, both with and without the robotic cane, in conditions that tested walking with these visual perturbations. In all virtual environments, having the light-touch support of the robotic cane caused all subjects to narrow their strides. The narrower strides, which represent a decrease in the base of support and a smaller oscillation of the center of mass, indicate an increase in gait stability due to the light-touch contact.
"The next phase in our research will be to test this device on elderly individuals and those with balance and gait deficits to study how the robotic cane can improve their gait," says Agrawal, who directs the Robotics and Rehabilitation (ROAR) Laboratory. "In addition, we will conduct new experiments with healthy individuals, where we will perturb their head-neck motion in addition to their vision to simulate vestibular deficits in people."
While mobility impairments affect 4% of people aged 18 to 49, this number rises to 35% of those aged 75 to 80 years, diminishing self-sufficiency, independence, and quality of life. By 2050, it is estimated that there will be only five young people for every old person, as compared with seven or eight today.
"We will need other avenues of support for an aging population," Agrawal says. "This is one technology that has the potential to fill the gap in care fairly inexpensively."
Other authors of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters article are Danielle M. Stramel of Columbia Engineering, Robert M. Carrera of Columbia University Irving Medical Center, and Sam A. Rahok of Oyama National College of Technology.
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