Communications of the ACM
Competitive Pay May Encourage Innovation, Study Says
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Economists and business leaders agree that innovation is a major force behind economic growth, but many disagree on the best way to encourage workers to produce "think-outside-of-the-box" ideas that create newer and better products and services. New research from the University of California San Diego indicates that competitive "winner-takes-all" pay structures are most effective in getting the creative juices flowing that help fuel economic growth.
The findings are described in "The Effects of Prize Structures on Innovative Performance," a working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research. Authors Joshua Graff Zivin, professor of economics at the University of California, San Diego, and Elizabeth Lyons, assistant professor of management, partnered with Thermo Fisher Scientific in creating a contest for the bio tech company's Baja, Calif. office. Participants in the competition, which was open to all non-management employees of Thermo Fisher and other tech companies in the region, were asked to design digital solutions to help share medical equipment across small healthcare clinics in the region.
The competition was created to test which of two common compensation models produced more novel ideas. Those who signed up were randomly selected to compete in either the "winner-takes-all" category, in which there was one prize of $15,000 awarded to first place, or the "top 10" category, in which the same amount of prize money was spread out among the top 10 entries.
"Participants under the winner-takes-all compensation scheme submitted proposals that were significantly more novel than their counterparts in the other scheme," say the authors, who both hold appointments with the UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy. "While the two groups did not statistically differ from one another on their overall scores, the risk taking encouraged by the competition with a single prize resulted in innovators pursuing more creative solutions."
"These findings are significant because the 21st century economy is one that prizes novelty," the authors say. "Firms view it as an important source of comparative advantage. It is also an essential ingredient in the development of technological breakthroughs that transform markets with major impacts to consumers and producers."
More Reward, More Risks
Most modern-day mechanisms created by chief technology officer and management gurus designed to spark innovation often rely on performance-based pay and hinge on assumptions regarding the ability and ambitions of employees and their risk preferences. However, the results from the NBER paper show that with identical groups of innovators, companies can increase the innovative output of employees just by changing how they pay them.
"Those competing for one big prize had to push further in making their results creative; however what is most surprising is that this is a relatively low-cost way for companies to induce more radical innovation," Lyons says.
Though there was more risk vs. reward in the "winner-takes-all" category, both produced the about the same number of submissions (20 in "top 10" category and 22 in the "winner-takes-all" category), indicating that having less of a chance of winning a monitory award did not have an impact on the amount of work output.
The entries were judged by a panel of six experts. Half of the judges were from industry players Thermo Fisher and Teradata, and the other half from academia were computer sciences professors from local universities in the Baja region.
The novelty of the submissions was evaluated on a scale from one to five, relative to what is currently and/or soon to be available on the market. The lowest possible score of one was given for proposed solutions already on the market and the highest score of five was awarded to submissions in which no one else has thought of a similar idea.
Those who entered could work as an individual or in teams. The results of teams vs. individual entries in both categories are consistent with other studies, showing that teams with diversified skill-sets and deepened professional experience produced better entries than that of individuals. However, the team entries in the "winner-takes-all" category were again more novel than the group work in the "top 10" category.
Subsequently, participants in both categories were surveyed on their risk preferences. Not surprisingly, those less averse to risk performed better in the "winner-takes-all" category.
The results also revealed that women who submitted entries in the contest performed better than average in both categories of the competition.
In conclusion, the authors noted that genius is not created by incentives, but empowered by them.
"It is important to recognize that incentives alone are insufficient to spark creativity," the authors write. "More work is required to understand the raw ingredients that shape the relationship between creativity and compensation."
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