By Peter G. Neumann
Communications of the ACM,
November 1990,
Vol. 33 No. 11, Page 170
10.1145/92755.92787
Comments
Background: Errors and alleged fraud in computer-based elections have been recurring Risks Forum themes. The state of the computing art continues to be primitive. Punch-card systems are seriously flawed and easily tampered with, and still in widespread use. Direct recording equipment is also suspect, with no ballots, no guaranteed audit trails, and no real assurances that votes cast are properly recorded and processed.
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