Over the past three decades much of the continent of Africa, and especially the sub-Saharan region, has been viewed as technological desert [8]. Spanning over 24 million square kilometers from the Sahara in the north to the Cape Verde in South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) comprises 49 countries and is home to 659 million people [12].
With its many problems of hunger, epidemics, war, and other related socioeconomic problems, the diffusion of the Internet might be the last thing to be associated with SSA. While much research has been published on the status and impact of Internet diffusion in other regions of the world [1 4], little is found in mainstream journals on the diffusion of the Internet in Africa [5], particularly in SSA. An update of the status of the Internet is thus in order, along with a discussion of some inhibitors and contributors that appear to shape the diffusion of the Internet in this region.
SSA may be a late starter on the Internet, but it is currently undergoing a rapid transformation. The countries in this region are experiencing growth in Internet connectivity, the use of computers, and in the diffusion of wireless communications [6, 11, 12]. Current statistics show that:
These changes have largely taken place since the mid-1990s, before which most of SSA was a technological desert [5, 8]. Statistics obtained in 1995 (see Figure 1) show a continent with sparse Internet presence and low connectivity. Much of this has changed (see Figure 2). In November 2000, the country, Eritrea, obtained a local Internet connection, finally bringing all 54 of Africa's countries and territories online. Currently, the number of dialup Internet subscribers exceeds the one-million mark and the total outgoing international Internet bandwidth is above the 1Gbps mark. This represents substantial growth compared to the figures in 1995.
Internet diffusion has been largely confined to the major cities, where a minority of the population lives, although a growing number of countries have points of presence (POPs) in some of the secondary cities. There are now about 250 POPs across the region, with 100 in South Africa.
Sixteen countries now have local-call charges for all calls over the Internet (see the table). Seychelles has gone a step further and made charges for Internet calls 50% lower than normal voice calls to further encourage Internet use. With this plan offering reduced costs for those in remote areas, it is surprising that more countries have not adopted this strategy.
The total number of computers permanently connected to the Internet (excluding South Africa) was about 35,000 in 2001 as measured by Network Wizards (www.nw.com). However, these figures are becoming increasingly meaningless because of the widespread use of .com and .net domains, and more importantly, the frequent use of Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT allows the reuse of the same address across many computers in different networks. As a result many of the countries show zero or only a handful of hosts in the surveys when in actuality there might be hundreds if not thousands of machines connected to the Internet.
It is also difficult to measure the total numbers of Internet users. The World Bank currently estimates about 3.7 million users. This works out to about one Internet user for every 200 people compared to a world average of about 1 in 30; a North American and European average of about 1 in 3; 1 in 125 for Latin America and the Caribbean; 1 in 200 for South East Asia and the Pacific; 1 in 250 for East Asia; and 1 in 500 for the Arab States [11, 12].
Presently, 24 countries have 1,000 or more dialup subscribers, 19 have more than 5,000 and 6 have over 20,000 subscribers (see the table). Although exact data on the number of rural vs. urban users has proved difficult to obtain, the clustering of ISPs and POPs within major cities suggests that users in the cities and towns greatly outnumber rural users. There are now local Internet Society chapters in all the regions of SSA and in most of the countries with large Internet user populations.
Currently, the average total cost of using a local dialup account for 20 hours is about U.S.$68/month. These costs include usage fees and local-call telephone time, but not telephone line rental. ISP subscription charges range from U.S.$10 to $100 a month. Cost of subscription is typically paid in local currency. The huge variance in subscription charges is a reflection of the different maturity levels of the markets, the varying tariff policies of the telecom operators, and the different regulations on private wireless data services and on access to international telecommunications bandwidth across the region's countries.
The capital cities of most countries in SSA now have more than one ISP. There are about 575 public ISPs across the region (excluding South Africa, where the market has consolidated into three major players with 90% of the market and 75 small players with the remainder). Five countries have 10 or more active ISPs. Fifteen countries have five or more ISPs, and 20 countries have only one ISP. Although Ethiopia and Mauritius are the only countries where a monopoly ISP is still national policy (where private companies are barred from reselling Internet services), there are other countries in which this practice still continues, predominantly in the Sahel sub-region where markets are small.
In response to the high cost of Internet services and the slow speed of the Web, and also because of the overriding importance of email, lower-cost, email-only services have been launched by many ISPs. A large proportion of users also access the free Web-based services such as Hotmail, Yahoo!, and Excite. These services can be more costly and cumbersome than using standard email software because extra online time is needed to maintain the connection to the remote site. However, they provide the added advantages of anonymity and perhaps greater perceived stability than a local ISP, which may not be in business next year.
Internet kiosks, cyber cafés and other forms of public Internet access are growing rapidly. Emerging Internet-access practices include adding PCs to community phone-shops, schools, police stations, and clinics that can share the cost of equipment and access among a larger number of users. This is happening even in remote towns where a long-distance call provides the linkage to the nearest dialup access point. In addition, a growing number of hotels and business centers provide PCs with Internet access, and some ISPs are rolling out a new generation of branded cyber cafés in major cities.
Unfortunately there remains dismal direct cross-border Internet and telecommunications traffic across other countries that share common borders.
In the last few years PTOs have established Internet services in 33 countries. This follows trends in the more developed countries where almost all of the PTOs have established Internet services. In many francophone countries, the PTOs operate as the major value-added service providers in joint ventures with France Cable and Radio, called Telecom-Plus in many countries and DTS in Madagascar.
The PTO has usually been the sole international link provider in most of the countries within this region. However, in a growing number of countries, the PTOs now compete with the private sector's international VSAT links. Elsewhere, the PTOs operate the international gateway and access to the national backbone, and leave the resale of end-user Internet access to the private sector. In Botswana, Cameroon, South Africa, Zambia, and in most of the francophone countries, the PTOs also compete with the private sector in the provision of end-user dialup accounts.
Due to high international tariffs and lack of circuit capacity, obtaining sufficient international bandwidth for delivering Web pages over the Internet is still a major problem. Until recently few of the countries outside of South Africa had international Internet links exceeding 64Kbps, but today 23 countries have links carrying 5Mbps or more, and 13 countries have outgoing links of 10Mbps or more (see Figure 2). Excluding South Africa, the total international outgoing Internet bandwidth installed in SSA is about 400Mbps.
Two-way, satellite-based Internet services using very small aperture terminals (VSAT) to connect directly to the U.S. or Europe have been quickly adopted wherever regulations allow. More consumer-oriented VSAT services similar to services now available in the U.S. and Europe are being launched by satellite operators.
With the exception of some ISPs in Southern Africa, almost all of the international Internet circuits in SSA connect to the U.S. A few connect to the U.K., Italy, France, and Singapore. However, ISPs in countries bordering South Africa benefit from the low tariff policies instituted by South African Telecom for international links to neighboring countries. As a result, South Africa acts as a hub for some of its neighboring countries. Unfortunately there remains dismal direct cross-border Internet and telecommunications traffic across other countries that share common borders in this region.
Various technological, environmental, operational, and financial bottlenecks exist and continue to constrain the growth of Internet connectivity. They are:
These factors have continued to foster Internet growth in SSA:
Although SSA still has a long way to go before catching up with the rest of the world, the region is experiencing rapid growth in Internet diffusion. This is in part because of the liberalization of policies toward Internet connectivity, the telecommunications sector, and PC purchase and import policies. The rapid diffusion of wireless technologies and the falling prices of telecommunications and Internet services also contribute to this high level of Internet diffusion.
Internet diffusion in SSA is substantially helping Africa solve some of its critical problems. For example, many Africans are obtaining college education through Internet-based, distance-learning initiatives such as the African Virtual University. Another example is that of telemedicine. Through several HEALTHNET (a telemedicine provider) initiatives, many doctors in Africa are being educated on recent developments in the medical field, such as steps to combat HIV/AIDS, a major epidemic in SSA.
While it is difficult to project what the future holds for Africa's Internet penetration, we contend that within the next decade, the Internet will no longer be a mystery and a luxury, but a necessity for the day-to-day activities of inhabitants within the region.
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Figure 1. Africa's Internet access and international bandwidth in 1996. Source: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [
Figure 2. Africa's Internet access and international bandwidth in 2001. Source: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [
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