Communications of the ACM
Viewpoint
Flow in Games (and Everything Else)
Have you ever enjoyed an interactive experience, even as it was ignored by others? Why does a particular experience have broader appeal than others? Answers depend on whether it incorporates user-oriented design. Computer scientists and software engineers peer into screens and think in terms of machine language during a typical workday, but most of what they do still concerns the consumers, professionals, and researchers who will interact with the software they create. To make something that will be enjoyed, the first thing any technology developer must learn is what users want.
Here, I discuss how to improve any interactive experience associated with end-user technology or related products, expanding on them for a broader audience through the perspective of Flow theory in psychology and video game design.
Writing 2,300 years ago, Aristotle concluded that, above all else, people seek personal happiness and pleasure. A common goal shared by almost all user-oriented designs today is to provide the means to evoke positive user feelings, whether they involve vehicles, fashion, software, movies, or video games. Though many tricks and techniques are available for creating products that please, they can be generalized into something all designers and technology developers can apply in their own designs. To do so, however, they must first know what exactly happiness is made of.
In the mid-1970s, in an attempt to explain happiness, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a professor of psychology at the Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, introduced the concept of Flow, which has since become fundamental to the field of positive psychology, including the study, according to Wikipedia, of "happiness, creativity, subjective well-being, and fun." Flow represents the feeling of complete and energized focus in an activity, with a high level of enjoyment and fulfillment [2].
During the Flow experience, we lose track of time and worries. Indeed, our level of focus maximizes our performance in and pleasurable feelings from the activity. Flow is also called the optimal experience, or being in "the Zone." Though often associated with professional athletes and artists, it is a feeling shared by every human being. Recall being so engaged in something that you forget to eat or sleep. What made you feel that way?
Csikszentmihalyi's research and personal observations identified eight major components of Flow:
- A challenging activity requiring skill;
- A merging of action and awareness;
- Clear goals;
- Direct, immediate feedback;
- Concentration on the task at hand;
- A sense of control;
- A loss of self-consciousness; and
- An altered sense of time.
Not all of them are needed, however, for an activity or technology to give users the experience of Flow [1].
Does your work or hobby reflect them? Do you have fun doing it? Flow can emerge from any kind of activity, whether it's a five-minute pinball game or a 10-year research project. A life that would be considered happy is usually bundled with various long- and short-term Flow experiences, from career and family to daily entertainment like TV, movies, and video games.
Since Spacewar!, one of the earliest games, was introduced in 1962 on a DEC-PDP-1 at MIT, video games have evolved into a major entertainment medium, offering players an alternative method for evoking a sense of enjoyment, in the form of short-term feelings of happiness.
Descriptions of the Flow experience are identical to what players experience when immersed in games, losing track of time and external pressure, along with other interests. Gamers value video games based on whether or not they provide a Flow experience [3].
As the result of more than three decades of commercial competition, most of today's video games deliberately include and leverage the eight components of Flow. They deliver instantaneous, accessible sensory feedback and offer clear goals the player accomplishes through the mastery of specific gameplay skills. In order to evaluate and compare the quality of the Flow experience in video games and other forms of interactive experience, the duration of the Flow experience becomes the major criteria determining whether or not a player is transported to the Zone [4].
In the Zone
What can the player, and all technology users, do to maintain and extend an interactive experience before it is interrupted? An inspiring concept in Flow theory is the Flow Zone (see Figure 1). In order to maintain a user's Flow experience, the activity must balance the inherent challenge of the activity and the player's ability to address and overcome it.
If the challenge is beyond that ability, the activity becomes so overwhelming that it generates anxiety. If the challenge fails to engage the player, the player quickly loses interest and tends to leave the game. Fortunately, we have tolerance for a temporary lack of stimulationassuming we are given hope that more is on the waya fuzzy safe Zone where the activity is not too challenging or boring and where psychic entropies (such as anxiety and boredom) do not intrude [1].
During the Flow experience, we lose track of time and worries.
Due to the natural relationship between challenge and ability, Flow has been used by designers, teachers, and coaches in such wide-ranging fields as sports, tutoring, and increasingly video game design.
Assuming the content and premise are inherently appealing to the audience, designing any interactive experience, including video games, centers on how to keep players in the Flow throughout its duration. The game must reflect the right balance of challenge and ability in order to keep players inside the Flow Zone. However, designing such a balance becomes a greater and greater challenge as the size of the potential audience grows.
Sports, art, and engineering, as well as many other professional activities and forms of entertainment, are all able to induce a Flow experience; so can various video games, from Tetris to Grand Theft Auto. However, the unforgiving reality involved in designing a commercial user-oriented experience and product is the fact that no two people experience the same thing the same way.
Concerning video games, different players have different skills and expect different challenges. Most games offer only a single narrow, static experience (the red line in Figure 2). It might keep the typical player in the Flow but will not be fun for the hardcore or even the novice player. For example, a simple action (such as moving a camera in a 3D space) might be frustrating for a casual gamer who has never played a 3D game. Even though the rest of the game might be something casual gamers enjoy in other 2D games, the frustrating beginning is likely to turn them away.
In order to design an interactive experience for a broader audience, the experience cannot be the same for all players or users. Any such experience must offer many choices, adapting to different users' personal Flow Zones (see Figure 3). However, the designer's approach is not as simple as populating the experience with choices. In video games, simply increasing the number of choices is costly. Too many choices overwhelm the user and maybe even the computer. When people can't decide what to choose, they are at a loss. Being required to make frequent choices could also be annoying, further interrupting gameplay. Both situations confound the fundamental components of Flowa sense of control and concentration on the task at hand.
The best way for game designers to avoid these counterproductive situations is to embed the player's choices into the core activities of the interactive experience. For example, once surfers of real ocean waves develop enough skill to be able control their direction on the water, they have freed themselves to choose and engage particular waves. Making these choices, they are able to confront the challenge of the core activity of surfing.
Conclusion
To provide an enjoyable interactive experience for the widest variety and number of users, a game's, and more generally any end-user technology's, design should follow a four-step methodology:
- Mix and match the components of Flow;
- Keep the user's experience within the user's Flow Zone;
- Offer adaptive choices, allowing different users to enjoy the Flow in their own way; and
- Embed choices inside the core activities to ensure the Flow is never interrupted.
Whether the design involves software, toys, restaurants, or Web sites, designers must keep these steps in mind and evaluate the activities presented to the user. Exploring all kinds of fields, including video games, they will find many good designs that follow them and compare them with others that don't and figure out what works. I've found (among other things) that it becomes obvious why the Swedish-based furniture company IKEA is so popular and why nobody would ever want to take a GRE test.
References
1. Csikszentmihalyi, M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Perennial, London, 1990.
2. Debold, E. Flow with soul: An interview with Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. What Is Enlightenment Magazine (Spring-Summer 2002); www.wie.org/j21/cziksz.asp.
3. Holt, R. Examining Video Game Immersion as a Flow State. B.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
4. Sweetser, P. and Wyeth, P. GameFlow: A model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. Computers in Entertainment 3, 3 (July 2005).
Figures
Figure 2. Different players have different Flow Zones.
Figure 3. Designers adapt players' Flow experience through the choices they deliberately build into the experience.
©2007 ACM 0001-0782/07/0400 $5.00
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