Communications of the ACM

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Technical Opinion: The Ethics of IT Professionals in China

By Robert M. Davison, Maris G. Martinsons, Henry W. H. Lo, Yuan Li
Communications of the ACM, July 2009, Vol. 52 No. 7, Pages 153-155
10.1145/1538788.1538823
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Ethical integrity is a critical, yet also problematic, component of commercial life. Efforts to maintain ethical integrity are often overwhelmed by desires to make money. For many people, the very notion of business ethics is oxymoronic. In modern information societies, the ethical integrity and accountability of IT professionals is particularly important, given the extensive reliance of individuals as well as organisations and governments on various forms of IT.

Lawrence Kohlberg² undertook some of the most influential research on ethics. He proposed a theory of Cognitive Moral Development (CMD) and developed a six-stage model of ethical reasoning. The six stages of Kohlberg's model are: (1) obey to avoid punishment; (2) comply for immediate self-interests; (3) observe mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships; (4) abide by established laws and rules; (5) conform to the principles and spirit of a socially established system for law and order; (6) uphold principles of rights and justice.

Kohlberg's work is widely respected and used, but it has also attracted some criticism, due partly to its overarching focus on 'justice' and exclusive reliance on Western philosophy. Significantly, Chinese philosophies concerning individual rights, duties, ethics, equality and freedom are "compatible with ... the subordination of the individual to society and state." The idea "that there are universal norms applicable to all irrespective of conditions... [is]... more or less anathema to traditional Chinese."³

Snarey⁶ reviewed 45 studies carried out in 27 countries and concluded that while the first three or perhaps four stages of Kohlberg's model are universal, the latter two or three may differ from one group to another. Remarkably, Snell⁷ found that Chinese employees were very likely to obey requests from their boss to do something unethical either in order to fulfil contractual obligations, and thereby avoid punishment (stage 1) while serving their own interests (stage 2), or in order to fulfil interpersonal obligations (stage 3). The fundamental role of personal relationships and obligations in mainland China in lieu of an underdeveloped legal system reinforces this tendency. Thus, the Chinese may rely upon relationship-based solutions to ethical issues (stage 3) in the absence of well-established laws and rules that they could abide by (stage 4) or to which they could conform (stage 5).

This article reports on a study that applied Kohlberg's model to investigate the ethical values of IT professionals located in the People's Republic of China. China should be of great interest to international managers and policy makers, given its fast growing economy in the world [GDP growth has averaged 9% annually since the early 1980s] and its recent accession to the World Trade Organisation. Indeed, China is likely to exert considerable impact on world economic trends in the future. The current IT-driven transformation of Chinese business and society⁴ is stimulating huge demand for new IT applications. In order to develop and implement these applications quickly, there is a considerable temptation to cut corners and compromise standards, including ethical ones.

Consequently, it was important to understand how IT professionals in China perceive ethical issues. To study this topic empirically, we developed an instrument that incorporates all six stages in Kohlberg's model and an additional stage zero - modeled as being entirely devoid of ethical reasoning. Our instrument includes 13 scenarios that cover a range of issues relevant to the IT profession, such as: the inevitability of bugs in software; how mistakes are handled in professional work; relationships with customers; the use of power; trust; motivation; and duty to the IT profession. Our respondents were asked to rank the likelihood of performing seven alternative actions for each of the 13 scenarios. The complete survey instrument is available from the authors.

For illustrative purposes, scenario 12 (Duty to the IT Profession) and the available alternatives, corresponding to the seven stages (0 to 6) follows:

"You believe that as an IT Professional, you should..."

• 0. do whatever you like irrespective of other people;
• 1. do your best, but not worry if your work is imperfect;
• 2. cut corners in order to get a job done in a way that maximises your personal benefit;
• 3. fulfil the minimum requirements of a job;
• 4. promote good practice and high standards in your work;
• 5. help to develop new standards for professional work;
• 6. constructively challenge the fundamental values that the IT profession holds as important.

We implemented the survey (in Chinese and English) on a Web site at a university in Hong Kong. We then contracted the China Centre for Information Industry Development (CCIID) to email an invitation to participate in the survey to 5,000 randomly selected IT professionals out of the 1.2 million members in their membership database. Of these 5,000 individuals, 290 (5.8%) submitted valid responses. De-mographically, the vast majority of respondents are well-educated (87% have a Bachelor's degree or higher), young (68% are below 30), predominantly male (79%), and have less than 10 years of working experience (86%). Only 33% identify themselves as being of managerial level or above while 14% are engineers. A further 20% occupy other positions typically associated with the IT profession, such as analysts, programmers, network and security specialists. In addition, 45% work in Computing and IT Services and 17% in Communications and Media. These statistics are consistent with the profile of CCID's members, 90% of whom work directly in the IT field.

When the responses are analyzed across all 13 questions, it is clear that Stage 4 is the most popular (37%) and that 73% of responses are at Stage 4 reasoning or above (see Figure 1).

When this data is analysed by age (see Figure 2), the same overall pattern can be observed, but older individuals clearly express a preference for stage 4 and 5 reasoning. This may be explained in part by their maturity, and also by the fact that they grew up in the early, more idealistic years of the new China (that is, post 1949), before the ravages of the cultural revolution (1966-1976) and the economic boom times of the mid-1980s onwards.

For each scenario, respondents were asked to indicate not only their most likely choice of action, but also their second most likely choice of action. The choice-shift that is indicated can be analysed using what Snell et al.⁷ term volatility analysis; for example, the extent to which an individual may be governed by reasoning at different stages. Volatility is identified when the first choice and the second choice are separated by at least two stages, for example the first choice is stage 4 and the second choice is stage 0,1, 2 or 6.

If we consider the responses of all 180 respondents who provided both a first choice and a second choice for all thirteen scenarios, we can see that no respondent exhibited zero volatility. In fact, the lowest level of volatility involved two scenarios (one respondent), whereas at the high end, one respondent exhibited volatility on 12 of the 13 scenarios (see Figure 3).

The data analyzed here indicates that Kohlberg's model is generally supported in the context of IT professionals in China. Significantly, stage 4 was found to be the most commonly-adopted stage of ethical reasoning, with 73% of responses achieving reasoning at the level of stage 4 or above. This represents the key finding from our study and leads us to conclude that, consistent with the principle of cultural convergence, the ethical reasoning of IT professionals in China is based primarily upon an international (if not universal) set of 'IT professional' norms rather than on Confucian-derived, relationship-based ideals.

Nevertheless, it is notable that older respondents tended to reason at a higher stage than younger respondents. Older workers are expected to be more familiar with the negative consequences of unethical actions, and thus could be more likely to choose actions associated with the higher stages of ethical reasoning.

Our data from China indicates a good degree of fit with Kohlberg's theory and the gradually evolving principles of Chinese management.⁵ Indeed, Ip¹documents employee and management practices in a Chinese-owned and managed company that are remarkably consistent with the higher stages of CMD theory, suggesting that the moral reasoning implicit in the theory is not so alien to the Chinese context at all.

Individuals who choose to reason at Stage 0 are of particular concern to organisations, since they appear to make decisions without any moral or social foundation, acting entirely according to impulse. Of additional concern to organisations will be the ethical confusion surrounding a small number of items, most notably the inevitability of bugs in software, where stage 2 (bug-free software is possible to achieve, but too expensive) is the most popular (18% of responses), and where 48% of responses are at stages 0-2 (all software has bugs and it doesn't matter or we can't do anything about it), compared to only 43% at stages 4-6. The issue of bugs is also one where volatility is high: respondents appear to be confused, with 42% of responses indicating a positive shift, and 38% a negative one. This confusion might indicate a breakdown in Confucian traditions with the rise of new political and economic values.⁵

Nevertheless, the picture is by no means entirely bleak. Not only do most IT professionals in China attain stage 4 or above reasoning, but of those who do so as their first choice, 72%-83% have a second choice that is either not volatile at all, is higher, or if lower, is still within the 'stage 4 and above' group. This suggests that most IT professionals have a reasonably well developed sense of ethical reasoning on most topics.

For organizations doing business in China, this research has three key implications. Firstly, that Kohlberg's CMD theory is valid in the Chinese context: most IT employees and managers can be expected to reason at levels similar to those of their international counterparts. Nevertheless, on specific issues such as the inevitability of bugs in software, and the associated accountability for those bugs, the picture is less clear, suggesting the need for additional attention. Secondly, a small minority of Chinese IT professionals do not appear to have a well developed sense of ethical reasoning: they tend to be amoral and make impulsive decisions. Thirdly, all IT professionals, including those in China, are likely to exhibit some volatility in their ethical reasoning. The latter two implications suggest the need to implement organization-wide programmes to increase the awareness and understanding of ethics.

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