https://bit.ly/44OqI2R July 5, 2023
One might argue language creation might be accelerating today, but it's not a new problem. In my BLOG@CACM post "Why are there so many programming languages?", I described how variants of programming languages go back to the dawn of computer programming. In that post I also cited one of my favorite stories: PL/I. PL/I stands for Programming Language 1, and its aim was to be the Highlander of programming languages: There would be no need for version 2, 3, or 4 if everything went to plan. While it is clear that goal was never reached, what might not be evident is that what PL/I was trying to achieve was a reasonable idea, or at least not entirely crazy. What also was not evident at the time was how difficult that reasonable idea turned out to be. We can all learn from this story.
IBM designed PL/I with the goal of bringing together the power of three programming languages: FORTRAN (1954), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).
On paper, this makes sense. Computer programming can be difficult; why should there be multiple programming languages? Computer programming of the era required a lot of punched cards, so having One Good Programming Language would have on-paper (or cardboard) benefits to simplify the process of development as well. Work on the PL/I specification started in 1964, and work on the first compiler began in 1966.
In the minds of PL/I's designers, the plan looked something like this:
PL/I was not just a development effort, it was also in effect a system conversion. There was an explicit goal for developers to start using PL/I, but also implicit goals for developers not just to stop using FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL directly, but also to convert their existing solutions and codebases to PL/I. Compounding the problem was that FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL were evolving in real time.
As I described in my BLOG@CACM post "The Art of Speedy Systems Conversions," a system conversion is one of the most difficult things to do in software engineering. The existing system typically has a massive head start, and the replacing system needs to start up development, accelerate, reach feature parity, and then both systems need to be stable long enough to make the switch.
Refer to the 1994 action movie Speed as to why this set of activities can be a challenge. PL/I was trying to do this with not just one mobile target, but three.
All programming languages evolve over time, and this was certainly true of FORTRAN. Some development milestones from early FORTAN were:
Note that FORTRAN 66—a significant milestone in FORTRAN's history—happened multiple years after PL/I development had started.
ALGOL was a highly influential programming language; although primarily used in research and academic settings, it still had an evolutionary arc:
COBOL Origins
When people think of COBOL now, they typically think of staid mainframe banking, finance, and insurance solutions, but COBOL's origins have a dash of drama. Designed in 1959 by CODASYL, an industry committee, COBOL was part of a U.S. Defense Department effort to create a common data-processing language that could run across the various computers it was operating. That simple-sounding requirement was anything but at the time and is another example of the desire for One Good Programming Language, as well as compilers that could run on all computers. Second, there were already two prominent "business" programming languages in existence before COBOL: FLOW-MATIC and COMTRAN:
There are varying opinions on how much each language influenced COBOL, though COBOL did wind up becoming quite verbose. Despite rumors, Grace Hopper was not on the committee that designed the language.
Early COBOL
Some development milestones from early COBOL were:
IBM announced it would cease development of COMTRAN in 1962, in preference of COBOL.
When compared to other programming languages that have been created in the past 60+ years, PL/I was a success. PL/I reportedly was used in the development of the Multics operating system and the S/360 version of the Sabre airline reservation system, among others. PL/I, taught at the college level, has been around for decades. Most programming languages would be envious to do half as well.
Yet PL/I did not achieve its strategic goal of consolidating scientific and business computing with the best new programming paradigms research could provide, and it wasn't for a lack of trying. That goal became impossible as both FORTRAN and COBOL kept accelerating. COBOL became the most widely used programming language in the world by 1970, and replacing an existing COBOL system with PL/I was going to be a hard sell to customers. The same could be said of existing FORTRAN systems. COBOL and FORTRAN also kept accelerating their language definition during the 1960s, making PL/I's feature parity with them not just a challenge, but also ambiguous as it took both COBOL and FORTRAN years to stabilize their respective standards.
The programming language landscape continued to evolve as well. By the end of the 1960s, Simula had branched from ALGOL and introduced object-oriented programming concepts, generating a new programming paradigm and a host of new languages implementing those concepts, and C emerged as the dominant systems programming language the following decade. There were even more high-level programming languages than ever.
A system conversion is one of the hardest things to do in software engineering, and programming languages are one of the hardest sub-cases as its users are other developers. Exclaiming "we should rebuild it!" is a siren call that is tough to resist, though, as developers love the sight of a clean sheet of paper combined with a big new idea. It's not wrong to think big, just don't forget to plan for the conversion of the incumbent system: for every blank sheet of paper used to design the new thing, pull out at least one more for the migration. Keep that ratio in mind when considering timelines and the project budget as well, depending on just how deeply the prior system is entrenched.
1. PL/I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I
2. FORTRAN: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
3. ALGOL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL
4. COBOL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL
The Digital Library is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2023 ACM, Inc.
No entries found