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Atom by Atom, Bond by Bond, a Chemical Reaction Caught in the Act


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Noncontact atomic force microscope

The single-atom tip of the noncontact atomic force microscope "feels" changes in the strength of electronic forces as it moves across the surface at a constant height. Resulting movements of the stylus are detected by a laser beam to compute images.

Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

When Felix Fischer of the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory set out to develop nanostructures made of graphene using a new, controlled approach to chemical reactions, the first result was a surprise: spectacular images of individual carbon atoms and the bonds between them.

From Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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