Communications of the ACM
Team Wins Insights and Second Place in DARPA Network Challenge
Betty Whitaker, principal research scientist with Georgia Tech Research Institute, with the DARPA red weather balloon raised at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, GA, one of 10 balloon locations across the United States.
Credit: Georgia Tech
A national competition aimed at quickly locating 10 red weather balloons tethered at locations across the United States netted a second-place finish for a Georgia Tech team — along with a set of new insights into the use of social networks for gathering information.
Sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the DARPA Network Challenge attracted hundreds of teams to tackle the problem of how to locate the balloons, which were positioned Dec. 5 at locations ranging from San Francisco and Portland to Memphis and Miami.
A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology won the $40,000 prize for correctly locating all 10 balloons. A team led by researchers at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) found nine of the 10 balloons during the nine-hour competition.
DARPA's interest in the competition was in assessing how social networks could be used to address massive information-gathering tasks. In addition to its research component, the challenge also marked the 40th anniversary of the ARPANET, the forerunner of today's Internet.
GTRI researchers Erica Briscoe and Ethan Trewhitt began discussing the challenge in early November, and quickly organized a core team of seven co-workers. They established a Web site and began using Facebook and word-of-mouth communications to build a network that eventually included more than a thousand people pledged to help.
One of their initial decisions was that if they should win, the prize would be donated to the American Red Cross — rather than being split among the team members and balloon spotters. Team members believe that was important to attracting altruistic volunteers.
"One thing that surprised us was that many balloon reporters specifically chose our team because we had decided to donate the winnings," says Betty Whitaker, a GTRI principal research scientist who helped coordinate the team. "We pledged any winnings to charity to encourage recruitment and avoid complicated issues with money after the contest."
Another key was establishing the Web site "I Spy A Red Balloon," which built a high ranking on Google thanks to references on established Web sites. That allowed the team to attract people who may have seen a red balloon on Dec. 5 and wondered what was going on.
"Though we focused on getting the word out to the public prior to launch day, our strong presence on that day made it possible for people who were unaware of the competition to find our team after running across a balloon," explains Trewhitt, a GTRI research engineer.
The team also connected established networks and used the news media to get information out to potential balloon-spotters. Beyond those who pledged to help, thousands more people knew about the effort and would have been able to make contact had they seen a balloon.
A Matter of Trust
But as with popular social networking services, not everybody could be trusted.
"Because teams were commonly infiltrated by members of competing teams, one of the toughest parts of this competition was not being able to trust any particular members of the group," Trewhitt says. "This led us to realize that trust in large groups is a tricky issue — and a topic for future research."
On competition day, which began at 10 a.m. with balloons being raised in the 10 previously-undisclosed locations, team members searched Twitter and Facebook for news of balloon sightings. They called friends, family and local businesses to validate alleged sightings, and analyzed incoming photographs to spot fakes and confirm the location of authentic red balloons.
They also used a variety of tools, some of which they built, to help track sightings. Their Web site, for instance, used Google Maps to summarize reports.
Though the GTRI team didn't win the top prize, its leaders believe the effort established credibility and planted seeds for future research projects.
"We would like to study issues of trust in large social networks, as well as how to extract and validate useful and correct information from un-moderated online media such as Twitter," says Erica Briscoe, a GTRI research scientist. "Twitter is often the fastest medium for notification of real-time events because it is unfiltered and raw. It would be useful to research methods for determining the accuracy and authenticity of rumors in this type of environment."
The competition also showed how much could be done on a budget of just $200, which was what the "I Spy A Red Balloon" team spent in total.
For its part, the agency also seemed pleased with what the teams had done.
"[The DARPA Network] Challenge explores basic research issues such as mobilization, collaboration and trust in diverse social networking constructs, and could serve to fuel innovation across a wide spectrum of applications," the agency said in a news release. "DARPA plans to meet with teams to review the approaches and strategies used to build networks, collect information and participate in the Challenge."
In addition to those previously mentioned, the team also included Stephen Cuzzort, Jessica Pater, Rick Presley and Miles Thompson, all from the Georgia Tech Research Institute.
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