Communications of the ACM
Broadening participation
Bringing Young Women Into Computing Through the NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Program
National winners of the NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Award at the NCWIT Summit in May, 2013.
Credit: Christopher Carruth / CMC Images
Women have achieved parity, or majority, in many previously male-dominated fields, including law, medicine, business, and biology, but not (yet) in computing and engineering. We know that women are just as capable as men at succeeding in these fields. At this point, young women often need individual encouragement to pursue computing. The National Center for Women & IT (NCWIT) is supporting women's entry and persistence in this field, while at the same time helping to create academic and work environments that are egalitarian and welcoming to them. One avenue NCWIT is pursuing is the Aspirations Computing program, which identifies and supports girls in their computing interests and includes an award honoring high school girls for their computing-related achievements. The program also includes a growing number of other components and activities, as described in this column.
Research shows that encouragement helps individuals persist in the face of adversity.2 Individual encouragement is essential to retention when girls and women express doubts about whether they belong in computing. Women report more often than men that they entered computer science because of a teacher, family member, or friend's encouragement.1 Support can make a big difference in a girl's belief that she is competent enough to succeed at computing tasks, which can lead to persistence in the field.
The Problem
Being female in a male-dominated field is not easy. Girls in high school must contend with unintended biases on the part of teachers, counselors, and parents, as well as sometimes overt prejudices. The NCWIT Aspirations in Computing program was developed to provide these girls with encouragement, a network of support, and examples of successall factors that have been shown to influence females to choose to study or work in computing.
A sense of belonging, or a feeling of "fit," is important for interest and persistence.
We know that girls' interest in computing classes is influenced by whether or not they have friends in the class or if boys dominate the classes.1 In one survey of girls, nearly half (47%) said they would feel uncomfortable being the only girl in a group or class.3 The Aspirations program enables girls to feel less isolated in these situations.
A sense of belonging, or a feeling of "fit," is important for interest and persistence. Subtle cues like sexist posters or "geeky" paraphernalia in a computer lab can suggest to girls that they do not belong.1 Less subtle messages such as teachers, counselors, or parents steering female students to non-technical classes tell girls that technology is not for them, even when they may have interest or aptitude. Worse, even well-meaning adults sometimes believe that males have a "natural" talent for computing compared to females.1 We know this feeling of "fitting in" is a major factor for females in choosing a major and a career.1 Programs like Aspirations can help to inoculate girls against feeling like a misfit.
Role models also can influence girls' decisions to pursue computing.1 Such role models, however, are often less available for those students who do not come from affluent communities, positions of privilege, or school systems that provide high access to computing courses.1 Some Aspirations awardees fall into these categories: In 2013, for example, 10% were from schools with 40% or more free or reduced lunch, 61% reported being a racial/ethnic minority, and many came from schools with few or no rigorous computing classes. One of the most important characteristics of a role model is that girls perceive these role models as "relatable" and similar to themselves in important ways. Awardees have reported that the support they receive and the role models they see among Aspirations awardees and NCWIT staff are essential to their continued pursuit of computing.
A Solution: The NCWIT Aspirations Award
Since 2007, NCWIT has been supporting young women through the NCWIT Award for Aspirations in Computing. Awardees are selected for their computing and IT aptitude, leadership ability, academic history, and plans for post-secondary education. The NCWIT Aspirations Award has a national competition as well as local competitions in all 50 states, plus Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
As the reach and awareness of the program increase, so do the number of applications, with 54% more girls applying in the 2013 season compared to 2012. With the increase in the number of applicants and regional awards, the number of winners and runners-up has also increased (see Figure 1).
The high school girls being recognized are a racially and ethnically diverse group, compared to the typical post-secondary computing department's student body. Figure 2 shows the racial/ethnic composition of the most recent season's awardees. Among awardees, 0.7% (n=8) identified as persons with disabilities.
Aspirations Affiliate Awards. NCWIT provides an online toolkit and other support to enable this program to be replicable and adaptable across the U.S. Typically, regional award events involve collaboration between community organizations, and academic and corporate entities. To date, 1,400 individuals from academia, non-profit organizations, and corporations have reviewed applications. Reviewers often remark on the high quality of the applications they read, which reinforces their desire to keep these talented young women in the field. The girls' applications are often truly inspirational, as evidenced by this excerpt: "I am most proud of starting a non-profit organization called Robot Springboard with my sister. Robot Springboard helps start robotics programs in under-served or underprivileged communities. This summer, my sister and I are teaching robotics camps in Kodiak, Alaska, a remote island community, and Wonder Park, Alaska."
Aspirations Award Program Outcomes. Evaluation data for the Aspirations Award program suggests the program is working. Awardees have reported greater confidence in their technical abilities, increased enthusiasm about computing, and greater awareness of the career opportunities available to them. Although 45% of Aspirations participants report not having taken a CS Advanced Placement exam, 71% of Aspirations participants in college are now majoring in a computer science or engineering field.
In the past award season, more than $300,000 in scholarships were offered by 45 NCWIT Academic Alliance institutions. Other opportunities for awardees include internships at NCWIT Workforce Alliance companies, complimentary registrations for technical conferences, meet-ups with corporate executives, and special events just for Aspirations recipients, such as the Apple TECHnically Women event and the Aspirations Day at Google.
The Aspirations in Computing Program is currently being studied by NCWIT research scientists DuBow and Wu. We have undertaken a three-year longitudinal, mixed-methods study assessing the influence of the Award for Aspirations in Computing on awardees' and non-awardees' choices of college major and career. We also will be studying the obstacles girls face in pursuing computing, and the circumstances under which they persist.
Another Solution: An Expanded Aspirations Program
Building off of NCWIT's Aspirations Award, the Aspirations in Computing program now spans from middle school, through high school and college, into the workforce.
Aspirations Educator Award. The NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Educator Award recognizes educators for their efforts to promote gender equity in computing. In the past three years, over 100 educators have been recognized and awarded over $100,000 in professional development funding.
One educator said: "As a result of having won the NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Educator Award, and given my involvement in the Puerto Rico Institute of Robotics program as a mentor/teacher, I was recommended to participate in the NASA Summer of Innovation. ... For this Puerto Rican teacherthe daughter of poor people and the only one in my family to finish a college degreeit was overwhelming. ... NCWIT opened the door for me to walk into a field full of new adventures and ideas." Claribel Perez, Puerto Rico
Educator Award recipients have reported heightened interest in computing at their high schools and increased class enrollments (both female and male).
Middle School Program. In 2013, NCWIT launched AspireIT, a pilot initiative that matches Aspirations Award recipients with NCWIT Academic Alliance or NCWIT K12 Alliance members to create and run computing-related outreach for middle school girls, such as after-school programs, summer camps, clubs, or weekend conferences. AspireIT employs a near-peer approach that provides middle school girls with a positive, inspiring experience of doing computing alongside their near peers from high school and college.
The AspireIT program has awarded $102,491 to 24 pilot programs in its inaugural round. These programs will run in 15 states, reaching a diverse 800 middle school girls with 25,000 hours of instruction. Preliminary evaluation findings suggest this program not only positively impacts the middle school student participants but also the Aspirations awardees leading the activities.
Aspirations Community. NCWIT established a restricted Facebook group for awardees (and more recently, one for all applicants) where the high school and college "members" can see and comment on scholarship and internship opportunities, as well as programming contests and other activities NCWIT posts. The Facebook group has become a place where the young women also discuss their own computing projects, college visits, job search and interview strategies, and how it feels to be female in a male-dominated field. The degree of support and information the Facebook group members offer one another is heartwarming, and often leads to in-person meet-ups at conferences and college campuses.
The Aspirations Program has the potential to bring many new women into the pipeline and retain thousands more.
In interviews and in Facebook postings, awardees frequently mention this cohort effect and its role in encouraging them to persist in the field and to not feel as isolated as they had in their local communities. One awardee noted in a survey, "Because of this award, I am less ashamed of who I am. I was known as a tomboy for such an immense interest in computers and I got embarrassed. Now, I'm proud!" The strength and influence of this peer community is an unintended outcome of the Aspirations program
Their postings suggest how much these young women yearn for encouragement and peer support. In this excerpt, a new awardee is introducing herself to the Facebook community: "Hi! ... I spend my free time doing Project Euler problems (projecteuler. net, really fun CS problems to do!). I really enjoy the NCWIT community! It's so inspiring to see so many women doing awesome things in technology, and I hope to be as cool as all of you one day. ... Because of [the] NCWIT [award], I'm not afraid to try new things and I'm excited for a future in CS. Thank you all for being here and being so supportive!"
Get Involved
Through funding from multiple corporate partners and the National Science Foundation, the Aspirations Program has the potential to bring many new women into the pipeline and retain thousands more. Consider getting involved as a volunteer in this rewarding work. Both women and men are encouraged to volunteer; it takes all of us to make change.
- Application Reviewer. Help select the winners from thousands of applications submitted each year. Read and score online at your own pace during three weeks in November. Reviewers typically spend two to five hours per competition; you can choose to review applications from your own community or nationwide. Visit http://www.ncwit.org/review to sign up.
- Committee Member. Connect with an established award program in your community. Local Affiliate Award programs are in need of committee members for publicity, judging, and event planning.
- AspireIT Host. The AspireIT middle-school outreach program matches Aspirations award recipients with NCWIT Academic Alliance or K12 Alliance members to create and run computing programs. If your organization is an NCWIT member, we can connect you with an award winner who wants to run a middle-school outreach program for girls.
For more details about the NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Program, see http://www.aspirations.org.
References
1. Ashcraft, C., Eger, E., and Friend, M. Girls in IT: The Facts. National Center for Women & Information Technology, 2012; http://www.ncwit.org/thefactsgirls.
2. Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman, NY, 1997
3. Girl Scout Research Institute. Generation STEM: What Girls Say about Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math; http://www.girlscouts.org/research/publications/stem/generation_stem_what_girls_say.asp
Footnotes
The authors thank the U.S. National Science Foundation for support under award CNS-0813956, NCWIT's Strategic Partner Microsoft, and Investment Partners Avaya, Pfizer, and Bank of America. All opinions reflected in this column are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Figures
Figure 1. 20072013 Aspirations Awards.
Figure 2. Racial/Ethnic percentages, on average, of the 20082013 Aspirations Award recipients.
Figure. National winners of the NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Award at the NCWIT Summit in May, 2013.
The Digital Library is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. Copyright © 2013 ACM, Inc.
No entries found